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Reproduction, hormones
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Reproduction, hormones

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Questions and Answers

Most hormones are secreted by an ________

Endocrine gland

Hormones control metabolic processes

True

What are the four hormones that are classified by their chemical nature?

Steroids, amines, protein/peptide and eicosanoids

Where are steroids derived from?

<p>Derived from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are steroids derived from?

<p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Androgens are not steroids

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amines are typically derived from what two amino acids?

<p>Tryptophan and tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amines are normally difficult to metabolize

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone are examples of steroids

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

List an example of a short peptide hormone

<p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

List an example of a small protein hormone

<p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

FSH and LH chemical nature is that of :

<p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eicosanoid is primarily synthesized in platelets and is involved in blood clot formation?

<p>Thromboxane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of prostaglandins?

<p>Promotion of blood clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about leukotrines is true?

<p>They play a role in allergic responses and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eicosanoids are derived from which type of fatty acids?

<p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an eicosanoid?

<p>Thromboxane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do transport proteins like albumin play in hormone circulation?

<p>They facilitate the transport of lipophilic hormones in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormone-receptor complexes influence gene expression?

<p>They bind to specific DNA hormone-responsive elements to activate mRNA transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the half-life of steroid hormones?

<p>Steroid hormones have a longer half-life, typically lasting hours or days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes lipophilic hormones from other hormone types in terms of receptor binding?

<p>Lipophilic hormones bind to intracellular receptors rather than cell surface receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are hormone-receptor (H-R) complexes critical for biochemical functions?

<p>They mediate the physiological effects of hormones by activating specific genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones does the placenta produce?

<p>Progesterone, Prostaglandin F2alpha , estradiol , hCG, eCG, and oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

List what originates from the endoderm

<p>Digestive system, Respiratory system and most glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

List what originates from the ectoderm.

<p>The reproductive tract, caudal vagina and vestibule , penis, clitoris, mammary glands, Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

List what originates from the mesoderm.

<p>Gonads, uterus, cervix, cranial vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, accessory sex glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of embryology sex differentiation?

<p>Genetic sex, gonadal sex and phenotypic sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two testes determining genes for gonadal sex?

<p>SRY and SOX9</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reproductive system develops before the renal system

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The determination of physical sex organ characteristics relies on the presence of :

<p>TDF</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is TDF (Testes Determining factor) Synthesized?

<p>TDF is synthesized in the sex cord of males</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anti-mullerian hormone is produced by ________ cells

<p>Pre-Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMH causes the degeneration of _________

<p>Paramesonephric ducts/Müllerian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are/aren’t needed to sexually determine a female?

<p>The absence of Testosterone, AMH and Testis determining factor (TDF) determines a female reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is needed for the development of the male duct system while _______ aids in development of the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands

<p>Testosterone, DHT</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of what two hormones determines a male for sex differentiation?

<p>Testes determining factor and AMH</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ defeminizes the brain. When it crosses the blood brain barrier it is converted to ____________. This defeminizes the hypothalamus, eliminating the _________ in males.

<p>Testosterone defeminizes the brain. When it crosses the blood brain barrier it is converted to estradiol. This defeminizes the hypothalamus, eliminating the surge center in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone degenerates the cranial suspensory ligament in males ?

<p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone controls the development and thickening of the gubernaculum?

<p>Insulin-like hormone 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What segment of the uterine tube does fertilization occur?

<p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sertoli cells are capable of producing AMH in adult life

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

About how long does it take for sperm to develop and mature?

<p>60 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do we see the first haploid cell in spermatogenesis?

<p>Secondary spermatocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

The CL produces oxytocin in equine species

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a cow during Luteolysis, the uterine endometrium produces prostaglandin and is released into the __________

<p>Uterine vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following species that are considered spontaneous ovulators

<p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the mare/jennies estrus cycle?

<p>21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mares/jennies are monovulatory, seasonally polyestrous and long day breeders

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seasonality is mediated by photoperiod and melatonin. For long day breeders, the increase in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH and for short day breeders, the decrease in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fall under the estrus cycle classification: polyestrous? (Select all that apply)

<p>Cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

What species fall under the estrus cycle classification : seasonally polyestrous?

<p>Horses, sheep, goats and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What species of animals fall under the ovulation classification: Spontaneous?

<p>Cow, mare, bitch, ewe , doe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does male fertility require?

<p>It requires endocrine regulation, thermoregulation, spermatocytogenesis, spermiogenesis and a functional delivery system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scrotum’s blood supply, nerve innervation and lymphatic drainage, respectively?

<p>Blood supply is via the external pudendal artery, nerve is genetofemoral nerve and lymphatic drainage is the superficial inguinal lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood supply for the testes and lymphatic drainage, respectively?

<p>Blood supply via the testicular artery and vein, which form the pampiniform plexus; lymphatic drainage from the lumbar lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are additional functions of the pampiniform plexus?

<p>Additional functions include testosterone exchange and reduced pulsatility</p> Signup and view all the answers

All epididymal functions are androgen (Testosterone) dependent

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eicosanoids Overview

  • Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, present in cell membranes.
  • Act as significant mediators and regulators of inflammation and immune responses.
  • Include three primary types: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Prostaglandins

  • Involved in pain and fever responses.
  • Play roles in reproductive system functions and gastrointestinal tract regulation.
  • Affect bronchopulmonary tone and vascular smooth muscle tone.
  • Assist in the regulation of hormones and calcium movement.
  • Key players in the inflammatory response.

Thromboxanes

  • Mainly synthesized in platelets (thrombocytes).
  • Crucial for promoting platelet homeostasis.
  • Facilitate both the inhibition and promotion of blood clot formation.

Leukotrienes

  • Synthesized primarily in leukocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells.
  • Serve as mediators for allergic responses.
  • Involved in the inflammatory process.
  • Their synthesis is not inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Intracellular Receptors

  • Intracellular receptors are primarily lipophilic, allowing them to easily pass through cell membranes.
  • These receptors are typically found in circulation bound to transport proteins, such as albumin, which aids in their stability and solubility.
  • Hormonal molecules bind to these receptors, forming hormone-receptor (H-R) complexes that initiate cellular responses.

Biochemical Response

  • The formation of the H-R complex triggers a series of biochemical functions that are critical for cellular activity.
  • The H-R complex then binds to specific DNA sequences known as hormone response elements, leading to the activation of mRNA transcription.

Hormonal Characteristics

  • Hormones that use this mechanism often possess longer half-lives, ranging from hours to days, allowing for sustained effects within the body.
  • An example of hormones associated with intracellular receptors includes steroids, which play a crucial role in various physiological processes.

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