Podcast
Questions and Answers
Most hormones are secreted by an ________
Most hormones are secreted by an ________
Endocrine gland
Hormones control metabolic processes
Hormones control metabolic processes
True (A)
What are the four hormones that are classified by their chemical nature?
What are the four hormones that are classified by their chemical nature?
Steroids, amines, protein/peptide and eicosanoids
Where are steroids derived from?
Where are steroids derived from?
Androgens are not steroids
Androgens are not steroids
Amines are typically derived from what two amino acids?
Amines are typically derived from what two amino acids?
Amines are normally difficult to metabolize
Amines are normally difficult to metabolize
Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone are examples of steroids
Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone are examples of steroids
List an example of a short peptide hormone
List an example of a short peptide hormone
List an example of a small protein hormone
List an example of a small protein hormone
FSH and LH chemical nature is that of :
FSH and LH chemical nature is that of :
Which eicosanoid is primarily synthesized in platelets and is involved in blood clot formation?
Which eicosanoid is primarily synthesized in platelets and is involved in blood clot formation?
What is NOT a function of prostaglandins?
What is NOT a function of prostaglandins?
Which of the following statements about leukotrines is true?
Which of the following statements about leukotrines is true?
Eicosanoids are derived from which type of fatty acids?
Eicosanoids are derived from which type of fatty acids?
Which of the following is an example of an eicosanoid?
Which of the following is an example of an eicosanoid?
What role do transport proteins like albumin play in hormone circulation?
What role do transport proteins like albumin play in hormone circulation?
How do hormone-receptor complexes influence gene expression?
How do hormone-receptor complexes influence gene expression?
What is a characteristic of the half-life of steroid hormones?
What is a characteristic of the half-life of steroid hormones?
What distinguishes lipophilic hormones from other hormone types in terms of receptor binding?
What distinguishes lipophilic hormones from other hormone types in terms of receptor binding?
Why are hormone-receptor (H-R) complexes critical for biochemical functions?
Why are hormone-receptor (H-R) complexes critical for biochemical functions?
What hormones does the placenta produce?
What hormones does the placenta produce?
List what originates from the endoderm
List what originates from the endoderm
List what originates from the ectoderm.
List what originates from the ectoderm.
List what originates from the mesoderm.
List what originates from the mesoderm.
What are the three stages of embryology sex differentiation?
What are the three stages of embryology sex differentiation?
What are the two testes determining genes for gonadal sex?
What are the two testes determining genes for gonadal sex?
The reproductive system develops before the renal system
The reproductive system develops before the renal system
The determination of physical sex organ characteristics relies on the presence of :
The determination of physical sex organ characteristics relies on the presence of :
Where is TDF (Testes Determining factor) Synthesized?
Where is TDF (Testes Determining factor) Synthesized?
Anti-mullerian hormone is produced by ________ cells
Anti-mullerian hormone is produced by ________ cells
AMH causes the degeneration of _________
AMH causes the degeneration of _________
What hormones are/aren’t needed to sexually determine a female?
What hormones are/aren’t needed to sexually determine a female?
__________ is needed for the development of the male duct system while _______ aids in development of the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands
__________ is needed for the development of the male duct system while _______ aids in development of the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands
The presence of what two hormones determines a male for sex differentiation?
The presence of what two hormones determines a male for sex differentiation?
_________ defeminizes the brain. When it crosses the blood brain barrier it is converted to ____________. This defeminizes the hypothalamus, eliminating the _________ in males.
_________ defeminizes the brain. When it crosses the blood brain barrier it is converted to ____________. This defeminizes the hypothalamus, eliminating the _________ in males.
What hormone degenerates the cranial suspensory ligament in males ?
What hormone degenerates the cranial suspensory ligament in males ?
What hormone controls the development and thickening of the gubernaculum?
What hormone controls the development and thickening of the gubernaculum?
What segment of the uterine tube does fertilization occur?
What segment of the uterine tube does fertilization occur?
Sertoli cells are capable of producing AMH in adult life
Sertoli cells are capable of producing AMH in adult life
About how long does it take for sperm to develop and mature?
About how long does it take for sperm to develop and mature?
When do we see the first haploid cell in spermatogenesis?
When do we see the first haploid cell in spermatogenesis?
The CL produces oxytocin in equine species
The CL produces oxytocin in equine species
For a cow during Luteolysis, the uterine endometrium produces prostaglandin and is released into the __________
For a cow during Luteolysis, the uterine endometrium produces prostaglandin and is released into the __________
Select all of the following species that are considered spontaneous ovulators
Select all of the following species that are considered spontaneous ovulators
How long is the mare/jennies estrus cycle?
How long is the mare/jennies estrus cycle?
Mares/jennies are monovulatory, seasonally polyestrous and long day breeders
Mares/jennies are monovulatory, seasonally polyestrous and long day breeders
Seasonality is mediated by photoperiod and melatonin. For long day breeders, the increase in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH and for short day breeders, the decrease in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH
Seasonality is mediated by photoperiod and melatonin. For long day breeders, the increase in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH and for short day breeders, the decrease in melatonin results in an increase in GnRH
Which of the following fall under the estrus cycle classification: polyestrous? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following fall under the estrus cycle classification: polyestrous? (Select all that apply)
What species fall under the estrus cycle classification : seasonally polyestrous?
What species fall under the estrus cycle classification : seasonally polyestrous?
What species of animals fall under the ovulation classification: Spontaneous?
What species of animals fall under the ovulation classification: Spontaneous?
What does male fertility require?
What does male fertility require?
What is the scrotum’s blood supply, nerve innervation and lymphatic drainage, respectively?
What is the scrotum’s blood supply, nerve innervation and lymphatic drainage, respectively?
What is the blood supply for the testes and lymphatic drainage, respectively?
What is the blood supply for the testes and lymphatic drainage, respectively?
What are additional functions of the pampiniform plexus?
What are additional functions of the pampiniform plexus?
All epididymal functions are androgen (Testosterone) dependent
All epididymal functions are androgen (Testosterone) dependent
Flashcards
Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids
Significant mediators regulating inflammation and immune responses, derived from arachidonic acid in cell membranes.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
Eicosanoids involved in pain, fever, reproductive function, digestion, and inflammation.
Thromboxanes
Thromboxanes
Eicosanoids produced by platelets, regulating blood clotting.
Leukotrienes
Leukotrienes
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Intracellular receptors
Intracellular receptors
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Lipophilic hormones
Lipophilic hormones
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Transport proteins
Transport proteins
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Hormone-receptor complex (H-R complex)
Hormone-receptor complex (H-R complex)
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Biochemical response
Biochemical response
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Hormone response elements
Hormone response elements
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mRNA transcription
mRNA transcription
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Hormone half-life
Hormone half-life
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Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
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Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid
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Cell membranes
Cell membranes
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Leukocytes
Leukocytes
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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Study Notes
Eicosanoids Overview
- Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, present in cell membranes.
- Act as significant mediators and regulators of inflammation and immune responses.
- Include three primary types: prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Prostaglandins
- Involved in pain and fever responses.
- Play roles in reproductive system functions and gastrointestinal tract regulation.
- Affect bronchopulmonary tone and vascular smooth muscle tone.
- Assist in the regulation of hormones and calcium movement.
- Key players in the inflammatory response.
Thromboxanes
- Mainly synthesized in platelets (thrombocytes).
- Crucial for promoting platelet homeostasis.
- Facilitate both the inhibition and promotion of blood clot formation.
Leukotrienes
- Synthesized primarily in leukocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells.
- Serve as mediators for allergic responses.
- Involved in the inflammatory process.
- Their synthesis is not inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Intracellular Receptors
- Intracellular receptors are primarily lipophilic, allowing them to easily pass through cell membranes.
- These receptors are typically found in circulation bound to transport proteins, such as albumin, which aids in their stability and solubility.
- Hormonal molecules bind to these receptors, forming hormone-receptor (H-R) complexes that initiate cellular responses.
Biochemical Response
- The formation of the H-R complex triggers a series of biochemical functions that are critical for cellular activity.
- The H-R complex then binds to specific DNA sequences known as hormone response elements, leading to the activation of mRNA transcription.
Hormonal Characteristics
- Hormones that use this mechanism often possess longer half-lives, ranging from hours to days, allowing for sustained effects within the body.
- An example of hormones associated with intracellular receptors includes steroids, which play a crucial role in various physiological processes.
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Description
Understand fundamental differences between hormones, mitosis vs meiosis, fetal sex differentiation, hormonal and endocrine control
