Endocrine System Quiz: Anterior Pituitary Gland

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are the cell groups in the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Chromophobes, Acidophils, Basophils (correct)
  • Chromophobes, Neutrophils, Basophils
  • Chromophobes, Acidophils, Lymphocytes
  • Acidophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

What is the other name of the anterior pituitary gland?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Adenohypophysis (correct)
  • Infundibulum
  • Neurohypophysis

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the posterior pituitary gland?

  • It is made of Neurosecretory tissue.
  • It is also called the Neurohypophysis.
  • It connects to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum.
  • It produces its own hormones (correct)

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

<p>The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

<p>Infundibulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why anabolic steroids can cause hyposecretion?

<p>They reduce the gland's sensitivity to tropic hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hyposecretion?

<p>Hypersecretion of a tropic hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which tumors can cause hyposecretion?

<p>Tumors compete with the gland for resources, leading to decreased function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of a feedback loop failure in an endocrine gland?

<p>The gland produces more hormone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about autoimmunity in endocrine glands is TRUE?

<p>Autoimmunity can damage the gland, preventing it from producing enough hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between non-steroid hormone action and thyroid hormone action?

<p>Non-steroid hormones bind to cell surface receptors, while thyroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which non-steroid hormones exert their effects?

<p>Utilizing secondary messengers like cAMP to activate intracellular pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of G-proteins in the action of non-steroid hormones?

<p>G-proteins act as intermediaries, connecting the hormone receptor to the secondary messenger system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options correctly describes the function of hormones?

<p>Hormones are chemicals that control target cells by binding to specific receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of an endocrine reflex?

<p>The release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland stimulates the production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

<p>The nervous system transmits information quickly, while the endocrine system transmits information slowly, leading to long-term effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of tissue that endocrine glands are composed of?

<p>Glandular epithelium and neurosecretory tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does downregulation affect the response of a target cell to a hormone?

<p>It decreases the target cell's sensitivity to the hormone, resulting in a weaker response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about releasing hormones?

<p>They are released by the hypothalamus and stimulate the anterior pituitary to release tropic hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a tropic hormone?

<p>They act directly on target cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the source of releasing hormones?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is an example of a steroid hormone?

<p>Cortisol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-steroid hormones?

<p>Lipid-soluble (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is NOT used in the synthesis of amine hormones?

<p>Lysine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about steroid hormones?

<p>They bind to receptors inside the cell (D), They enter cells through the cell membrane (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which thyroid hormone exerts its effects?

<p>Thyroid hormone enters the cell and binds to a receptor in the nucleus, directly influencing gene expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the principle of synergism?

<p>Growth hormone and thyroid hormone together stimulate growth more effectively than either hormone alone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the fluid inside a cell?

<p>Cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of permissiveness in hormone action?

<p>One hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target tissue to another hormone by increasing the number of receptors for that hormone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the primary distinction between eicosanoids and hormones?

<p>Eicosanoids regulate organs, while hormones function as messengers throughout the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following eicosanoids is NOT associated with an increase in inflammation?

<p>Thromboxane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which NSAIDs, like aspirin, relieve pain and fever?

<p>They promote the breakdown of prostaglandins already in the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would be considered hypersecretion?

<p>A patient experiencing excessive thirst and frequent urination due to a malfunctioning pancreas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of hyposecretion?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of hormone-secreting cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the luteinizing hormone (LH) in men?

<p>Promotes testosterone secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with hyposecretion of growth hormone?

<p>Dwarfism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypophyseal portal system?

<p>Facilitates the rapid delivery of releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum in women?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes acromegaly from gigantism?

<p>Acromegaly occurs during adulthood whereas gigantism occurs in childhood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Growth Hormone?

<p>Promotes transport of amino acids for growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is classified as tropic and targets the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Prolactin after birth?

<p>Stimulates milk production in mammary glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone do in women?

<p>Increases the size of ovarian follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

<p>Adrenal Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type produces Growth Hormone (GH)?

<p>Somatotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by Lactotrophs?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by Basophils?

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two hormones are classified as Gonadotropins?

<p>Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Acidophils from Basophils in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Acidophils secrete Growth Hormone and Prolactin, while Basophils secrete TSH, ACTH, and FSH/LH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hyposecretion

Not enough hormone produced by endocrine glands.

Feedback loop failure

Gland fails to detect hormone levels, leading to overproduction or underproduction.

Tropic hormones

Hormones that stimulate other glands to produce hormones.

Autoimmunity in glands

Immune system targets and damages hormone-producing cells.

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Tumors affecting hormone production

Uncontrollable cell growth that disrupts gland function and lowers hormone levels.

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Tyrosine and Tryptophan

The two amino acids that create amine hormones.

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Thyroid Hormone Components

Tyrosine and iodine are needed to make thyroid hormone.

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Synergism

Combined effects of hormones are greater than their individual effects.

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Permissiveness

One hormone allows for the action of another by increasing receptor availability.

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Steroid Hormone Mechanism

Steroid hormones enter cells to form a hormone-receptor complex affecting gene expression.

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Gland

Organs of the endocrine system responsible for hormone production.

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Hormone

Chemicals produced by endocrine tissue that travel through the bloodstream to control target cells.

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Nervous System vs Endocrine System

Nervous system uses fast electrical impulses, while the endocrine system is slower and relies on hormones in the blood.

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Glandular Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that makes up one type of endocrine tissue in glands.

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Neurosecretory tissues

Nervous tissue involved in hormone secretion within the endocrine system.

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Releasing Hormones

Hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the pituitary gland.

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Steroid Hormones

Hormones composed of cholesterol that are lipid-soluble.

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Non-steroid Hormones

Hormones that are protein-based and not lipid-soluble.

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Anabolic Hormones

Hormones that promote muscle growth and tissue building.

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Non-Steroid Hormone Mechanism

Non-steroid hormones bind to surface receptors, activating G-proteins and secondary messengers to effect changes in the cell.

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Thyroid Hormone Exception

Thyroid hormones can enter cells and utilize the steroid hormone mechanism instead of the usual non-steroid pathway.

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Endocrine Reflex

An endocrine reflex is a negative feedback loop helping to maintain a stable internal environment by monitoring physiological changes.

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Upregulation

Upregulation increases the number of hormone receptors on target cells, enhancing sensitivity and response to hormones.

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Downregulation

Downregulation decreases the number of hormone receptors on target cells, reducing their sensitivity and response to hormones.

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Pituitary Gland

A small gland controlling other endocrine glands, known as the 'master gland'.

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Adenohypophysis

The anterior part of the pituitary gland, made of glandular epithelium.

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Neurohypophysis

The posterior part of the pituitary gland, composed of neurosecretory tissue.

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Infundibulum

The stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

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Cell Groups in Anterior Pituitary

Cells in the anterior pituitary categorized as chromophobes and acidophils based on staining.

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Eicosanoids

Chemical regulators that do not travel in blood and regulate the hormone that makes them.

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Leukotriene

A type of eicosanoid that boosts the immune system.

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Prostaglandin

Eicosanoid that increases inflammation and local blood flow, also aids in childbirth.

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NSAIDs Impact

NSAIDs like aspirin inhibit production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

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Growth Hormone

A hormone that promotes growth and fat metabolism, affects all body cells.

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Prolactin

A hormone that stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk production after birth.

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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A tropic hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid and hormone secretion.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A tropic hormone that stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and cortisol secretion.

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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A tropic hormone that stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in women and sperm production in men.

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Somatotrophs

Anterior pituitary cells that produce Growth Hormone (GH).

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Lactotrophs

Cells in the anterior pituitary that produce Prolactin, involved in milk production.

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Thyrotrophs

Cells that produce Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in the anterior pituitary.

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Corticotrophs

Anterior pituitary cells that secrete Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

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Gonadotrophs

Cells that produce Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

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Hypothalamus

Region of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and releases hormones.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hormone that stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men.

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Growth Hormone Disorders

Conditions related to abnormal levels of growth hormone, including dwarfism and gigantism.

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Hypophyseal Portal System

Blood vessels connecting hypothalamus directly to anterior pituitary for quick hormone transport.

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