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Questions and Answers
What primary action does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) perform on bones?
What primary action does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) perform on bones?
- Enhances bone formation
- Stimulates the production of collagen in bones
- Increases bone resorption and mobilizes calcium (correct)
- Inhibits calcium release from bones
Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose levels?
- Glucagon
- Cortisol
- Insulin (correct)
- Epinephrine
What is the role of glucagon in the body?
What is the role of glucagon in the body?
- Promotes amino acid storage
- Increases fatty acid synthesis
- Facilitates insulin secretion
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis and elevates blood glucose (correct)
Which statement is true regarding the secretion of estrogen?
Which statement is true regarding the secretion of estrogen?
What is the effect of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) related to calcium?
What is the effect of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) related to calcium?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Which hormone is known for regulating growth and protein production?
Which hormone is known for regulating growth and protein production?
How do hormones affect cellular activities?
How do hormones affect cellular activities?
Which gland is referred to as the 'Master Gland'?
Which gland is referred to as the 'Master Gland'?
What is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
What is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following statements about hormones is true?
Which of the following statements about hormones is true?
What is the role of the releasing inhibitory hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
What is the role of the releasing inhibitory hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids like cortisol in the body?
What is the primary function of glucocorticoids like cortisol in the body?
Which section of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting aldosterone?
Which section of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting aldosterone?
What characterizes the response of the adrenal medulla hormones during stress?
What characterizes the response of the adrenal medulla hormones during stress?
What condition is primarily caused by an under secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
What condition is primarily caused by an under secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?
What stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids like cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
What stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids like cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with epinephrine's action during stress?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with epinephrine's action during stress?
What is one of the effects of aldosterone on the kidneys?
What is one of the effects of aldosterone on the kidneys?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the release of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
Which statement about cortisol is true?
Which statement about cortisol is true?
Which hormone is considered a catecholamine produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is considered a catecholamine produced by the adrenal medulla?
What effect do T3 and T4 have on metabolic activities?
What effect do T3 and T4 have on metabolic activities?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with thyroid dysfunction?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with thyroid dysfunction?
How are T3 and T4 synthesized?
How are T3 and T4 synthesized?
Which enzymes are stimulated or activated by thyroid hormones?
Which enzymes are stimulated or activated by thyroid hormones?
What is the primary location of the thyroid gland in the body?
What is the primary location of the thyroid gland in the body?
What is the result of decreased levels of thyroid hormones?
What is the result of decreased levels of thyroid hormones?
Which condition may result from excessive levels of thyroid hormones?
Which condition may result from excessive levels of thyroid hormones?
What is a common sign of hypothyroidism?
What is a common sign of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid gland is incorrect?
Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid gland is incorrect?
What condition is characterized by thyroid gland enlargement due to colloid accumulation?
What condition is characterized by thyroid gland enlargement due to colloid accumulation?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?
In young animals, what is a primary consequence of hypothyroidism?
In young animals, what is a primary consequence of hypothyroidism?
Which condition is more common in older cats due to increased demands on the thyroid gland?
Which condition is more common in older cats due to increased demands on the thyroid gland?
What physiological response stimulates the secretion of calcitonin?
What physiological response stimulates the secretion of calcitonin?
Which hormone acts antagonistically to calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
Which hormone acts antagonistically to calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Why do older animals with hypothyroidism generally become obese and sluggish?
Why do older animals with hypothyroidism generally become obese and sluggish?
Which animal is most likely to show signs of hypothyroidism, including weight gain and lethargy?
Which animal is most likely to show signs of hypothyroidism, including weight gain and lethargy?
What factor is essential for regulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
What factor is essential for regulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
Flashcards
What is Endocrinology?
What is Endocrinology?
The branch of physiology that focuses on the study of endocrine glands and the hormones they produce, which regulate the functions of other cells in the body.
What is the endocrine system?
What is the endocrine system?
The group of glands responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
What are hormones?
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate various bodily functions.
What is the hypothalamus?
What is the hypothalamus?
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What is the pituitary gland?
What is the pituitary gland?
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What is the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the anterior pituitary gland?
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What is growth hormone (GH)?
What is growth hormone (GH)?
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
Where are the adrenal glands located?
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What does the adrenal cortex produce?
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
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What is the function of glucocorticoids?
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
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What is the function of mineralocorticoids?
What is the function of mineralocorticoids?
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What does the adrenal medulla produce?
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
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What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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What is Addison's disease?
What is Addison's disease?
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What is Cushing's disease?
What is Cushing's disease?
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
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Polydipsia
Polydipsia
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Polyuria
Polyuria
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Polyphagia
Polyphagia
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Bilateral Symmetrical Alopecia
Bilateral Symmetrical Alopecia
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Lethargy
Lethargy
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Muscle Wasting
Muscle Wasting
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Potbelly
Potbelly
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Bradycardia
Bradycardia
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Location of the Thyroid Gland
Location of the Thyroid Gland
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What is Parathyroid hormone's role in calcium regulation?
What is Parathyroid hormone's role in calcium regulation?
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How does calcitonin work compared to PTH?
How does calcitonin work compared to PTH?
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What is glucagon and its primary effect?
What is glucagon and its primary effect?
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What is insulin and its primary effect?
What is insulin and its primary effect?
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What is the role of Estrogen in the ovarian cycle?
What is the role of Estrogen in the ovarian cycle?
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Epinephrine and Thyroid Hormone Interaction
Epinephrine and Thyroid Hormone Interaction
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What is a goiter?
What is a goiter?
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What is hypothyroidism?
What is hypothyroidism?
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What is hyperthyroidism?
What is hyperthyroidism?
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What is Dwarfism?
What is Dwarfism?
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What is Myxedema?
What is Myxedema?
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What is Calcitonin?
What is Calcitonin?
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What stimulates the secretion of Calcitonin?
What stimulates the secretion of Calcitonin?
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What are the parathyroid glands?
What are the parathyroid glands?
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What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Parathormone?
What is Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Parathormone?
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Endocrine System
- Endocrinology is a branch of physiology focused on the study of endocrine glands and their chemical messengers.
- These messengers regulate the activity of other cells within the body.
The Endocrine System's Role
- The endocrine system works alongside the nervous system to regulate the body.
- Its primary function is homeostasis—maintaining a stable internal environment.
Hormones
- Hormones are chemical substances released from endocrine glands.
- They originate from Greek word "hormon" meaning "to arouse or to stimulate".
- Hormones regulate the activity of other cells within the body.
- The action of hormones typically involves a target cell that is unique to a specific hormone and possesses receptors for the specific hormone.
- Hormones are released indirectly into the blood stream to act on target cells.
- Hormones act to regulate rather than initiate reactions within the body.
- Their action, and/or inactivation, is rapid and happens at target organ sites.
- They are present in biocatalytic amounts, and not released at a uniform rate.
Types of Hormones
- Hormones are categorized based on their chemical structure.
- Steroids: Derived from lipids, produced by gonads, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Common examples include progesterone and testosterone.
- Peptides: Short amino acid chains produced by the pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, kidneys, and liver. Examples include oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.
- Amines: Secreted by the adrenal medulla and thyroid. Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, T3, and T4.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland.
- The hypothalamus produces chemical signals (releasing stimulating hormones and releasing inhibitory hormones).
- The hypothalamus regulates metabolism, heart rate, energy levels, body temperature, and thirst.
- The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland," divided into two lobes (anterior and posterior).
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- Growth hormone (GH): Regulates growth at the epiphyses of bones; involved in protein production. Insufficient secretion of GH leads to pituitary dwarfism, while too much leads to gigantism.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete various hormones.
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone production.
- Gonadotropic hormones:
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH): In females, assists in ovulation and corpus luteum function; in males, it stimulates testosterone secretion.
- Prolactin: Initiates and maintains lactation.
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, aka Vasopressin): Regulates water balance by affecting the kidneys. When the body is too hydrated, ADH diminishes output of dilute urine.
- Oxytocin: Released by the posterior pituitary gland in neuroendocrine reflexes. This hormone is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Adrenal Glands
- The adrenal glands are paired structures located above the kidneys.
- Adrenal cortex: The outer layer which secretes steroid hormones:
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): Regulate glucose levels, response to stress/adaptation.
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone): Regulates mineral balance(sodium and potassium) in blood via kidney function.
- Adrenal medulla: The inner portion secreting catecholamine hormones:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Responses to emergency action, controlled via the sympathetic nervous system. These hormones increase blood sugar, heart rate and respiration, and dilate skeletal muscles.
- Adrenal cortex: The outer layer which secretes steroid hormones:
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck, just below the larynx.
- Composed of numerous follicles containing colloid.
- Secretes tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
- T3 and T4 are crucial metabolic regulators.
Parathyroid Glands
- Embedded within the thyroid gland.
- Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hypercalcemic hormone (it increases blood calcium).
- PTH influences bone, kidney, and GI tract functions affecting calcium.
Pancreas
- A gland located in the abdomen, close to the duodenum.
- Has exocrine (producing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing hormones) functions.
- Endocrine portion consists of islets of Langerhans.
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon.
- Beta cells secrete insulin.
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
- Ovaries: Located in the abdominal cavity; produce estrogen and progesterone.
- Testes: Located outside the abdominal cavity; produce testosterone, and a small amount of estrogen.
Diseases
- Addison's Disease: Caused by under-secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, dehydration and bradycardia.
- Cushing's Disease: Caused by over-secretion of glucocorticoids. Symptoms include polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, bilateral symmetrical alopecia, muscle wasting and potbelly.
- Hypothyroidism: Deficiency in thyroid hormones, causing slowed metabolism, often in dogs.
- Hyperthyroidism: Overproduction of thyroid hormones, causing sped up metabolism, often in cats.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental principles of the endocrine system. This quiz covers hormones, their functions, and the glands responsible for their secretion. From Parathyroid Hormone to the actions of glucagon, challenge yourself with these essential questions.
