Endocrine System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the radial nerve?

Innervates the forearm and hand muscles (correct)

Innervates the shoulder muscles

Innervates the chest muscles

Innervates the forearm muscles

Injury to the axillary nerve can result in a loss of sensation over which area?

Shoulder (correct)

Forearm

Wrist

Elbow

Which statement about nociceptors is correct?

Nociceptor response has a higher threshold for activation compared to other sensory receptors.

Nociceptors are primarily located in the muscles.

Nociceptors have a lower threshold for activation. (correct)

Nociceptors do not respond to morphine analgesics.

Which type of receptors is specifically responsible for detecting temperature changes?

Thermoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Where are sensory receptors typically located?

In skin, muscles, organs, and sensory organs Signup and view all the answers

Fistulas or granulomas are commonly associated with which condition?

Crohn's disease Signup and view all the answers

Polypeptides and caffeine stimulate the secretion of which hormone?

Gastrin Signup and view all the answers

When stimulated, parietal cells primarily secrete?

Intrinsic factor and HCl Signup and view all the answers

A patient has had a gastrectomy and removal of the ileum. What deficiency is most likely?

Vitamin B12 due to deficiency of intrinsic factor Signup and view all the answers

Stimulation of the vagal nerve typically causes which digestive effect?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

A patient with achlorhydria is likely to have decreased absorption of which substance?

Calcium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

Which prostaglandin is primarily present in the gastrointestinal tract?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of which vitamin is most likely to occur due to removal of the ileum?

Vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

Which substances stimulate the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

Cholecystokinin and secretin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT slow gastric emptying?

Hot meal Signup and view all the answers

What is a suitable treatment for pernicious anemia?

Parenteral administration of vitamin B12 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down fats?

Lipase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors enhances gastric emptying?

Increased gastric volume Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dietary impacts on pernicious anemia is correct?

It is primarily caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to the presence of fatty acids in the duodenum?

Cholecystokinin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the action of secretin?

It promotes secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

To wrap around axons and form myelin sheath Signup and view all the answers

Which mental health disorder is primarily associated with the presence of Lewy bodies?

Parkinsonism Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement characterizes nystagmus?

Involuntary eye movement Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve plexus is responsible for innervation of the shoulder and arm?

Brachial plexus Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in oxidative deamination metabolic reactions?

Monoamine oxidase Signup and view all the answers

What does the lumbar plexus primarily innervate?

Anterior and medial thigh Signup and view all the answers

Which option does NOT typically describe the characteristics of nystagmus?

Sustained concentration Signup and view all the answers

Where would you find the accessory antigen presenting cells known as dendritic cells?

In the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization and throughout pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of diabetes insipidus?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is not produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory findings would you expect in a patient with hypothyroidism?

Increased serum TSH and decreased T3 and T4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom associated with Cushing syndrome?

Moon face Signup and view all the answers

What are the three P's (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) symptomatic of?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by hypocorticosteroids?

Addison disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypoglycemia?

Palpitations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) causes Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus: Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and dehydration
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus: Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), increased hunger (polyphagia)
Symptoms of Hypoglycemia: Sweating, palpitations, confusion, fatigue
Posterior Pituitary Gland releases Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

Thyroid

Hypothyroidism lab results include increased serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and decreased Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Hormonal Changes

Testosterone is catalyzed to 5-hydroxytestosterone by 5-alpha reductase

Diabetes Mellitus

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus: Increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), increased hunger (polyphagia)

Hypoglycemia

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia: Sweating, palpitations, confusion, fatigue

Hyperthyroidism

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, sensitivity to heat, tachycardia, diarrhea

Hypothyroidism

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism: Weight gain, edema, sensitivity to cold, constipation, hypertension, bradycardia

Cushing Syndrome

Cushing Syndrome is a result of hypercorticosteroidism
Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome: Edema, weight gain, moon face, puffy face, buffalo hump

Addison Disease

Addison disease is caused by hypocorticosteroids

Menstrual Cycle

Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle, 14 days before the first day of menstruation (day 1).
The length of the menstrual cycle does not affect when ovulation occurs.
Menstruation (days 1-4): The endometrium is shed due to the abrupt decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
Pregnancy: Characterized by consistently elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone, which maintain the endometrium for the fetus and suppress ovarian follicular function by inhibiting Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland shrinks after puberty and undergoes calcification with age.
Melatonin levels decrease in individuals over 60 years old.

Other Important Details

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hormone keeps the corpus luteum after fertilization and pregnancy.
HCG is produced by the placenta and keeps the corpus luteum functional for the first trimester of pregnancy.
The corpus luteum produces the estrogen and progesterone needed to maintain the pregnancy until the placenta can take over.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and disorders of the endocrine system, including the posterior pituitary gland, thyroid issues, and common diabetes symptoms. This quiz covers various hormonal changes and their effects on the body. Embark on a journey to deepen your understanding of these critical physiological processes.