60 Questions
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
Homeostatic regulation of various physiological processes
What is the typical concentration range of steroid hormones in the blood?
10^-8 – 10^-10M
What is the primary mechanism of steroid hormone secretion?
Simple diffusion
What is the primary action of steroid hormones on target cells?
Activating gene transcription
What is the primary cause of hormone deficiency disorders?
Destruction of hormone-producing glands
What is the primary function of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?
Storage and release of neurohypophysial hormones
What is the primary mechanism of hormone resistance disorders?
Defects in hormone receptors
What is the primary function of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells?
Synthesis and release of neurohypophysial hormones
What is the primary characteristic of steroid hormone action?
Slower and longer-lasting effects
What determines the amplitude of the response to hormone stimulation?
Concentration of hormone, number of receptors, and affinity of hormone-receptors
Which gland secretes adrenaline?
Adrenal gland
What hormone is not produced by the hypothalamus?
Arginine vasopressin
Which hormone is a glycoprotein?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Which of the following is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and transported as a free hormone?
Growth hormone
What type of hormone is calcitonin?
Polypeptide/Protein
Which hormone is not synthesized by the anterior pituitary?
Melatonin
Which hormone is not steroid-based?
Thyroxine
Which is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin
Which of the following hormones is stored in large amounts at secretory granules?
Arginine vasopressin
Which of the following is an eicosanoid?
Prostacyclin
What is the primary role of the hypophysial portal system in the anterior pituitary?
To deliver releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
Which hormone is produced by the intermediate lobe of the fetal pituitary?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Which part of the hypothalamus regulates the body's master clock?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What is the primary cause of fluctuations in hormone activity?
Feedback control from both feedforward drive and negative feedback
Which circuit regulates hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity?
Paraventricular nucleus receiving input from suprachiasmatic nucleus
What type of input does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receive to regulate daily rhythms?
Light
Which of the following is NOT a component of the anterior pituitary's control system?
Direct synaptic connections from the hypothalamus
Which type of hormone has the ability to short-loop feedback?
Tropic hormone
What triggers plasma hormone 1 in the hypothalamus-pituitary portal vessel?
Releasing hormone
Which entity in the tripartite endocrine system controls the thyroid?
Anterior pituitary
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus-pituitary portal system in the anterior pituitary?
To release hypophysiotropic hormones into the portal blood supply
What type of hormone has the ability to exhibit negative feedback and short-loop feedback?
Tropic hormone
Which part of the hypothalamus regulates the body's master clock and ensures entrainment of physiological processes to a 24-hour cycle?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
What is the primary cause of fluctuations in hormone activity in the tripartite endocrine system?
Biorhythms and feedforward drive
What type of hormone is produced by the intermediate lobe of the fetal pituitary?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Which circuit regulates hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and cortisol release?
Paraventricular nucleus-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the tripartite endocrine system?
To regulate hormone synthesis and secretion in the anterior pituitary
What type of input does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receive to regulate daily rhythms?
Circadian input
Which entity in the tripartite endocrine system controls the thyroid?
Anterior pituitary
What is the primary mechanism of hormone regulation in the tripartite endocrine system?
Negative feedback and short-loop feedback
What is the primary difference between peptide hormone synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis?
Type of molecular structure
Which type of hormone receptor is responsible for receiving peptide hormones?
G-protein coupled receptor
What is the primary mechanism of hormone action for non-steroid hormones?
Activation of second messenger systems
Which type of hormone is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and transported as a free hormone?
Peptide hormone
What is the primary characteristic of hormone receptors in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
Specificity for peptide hormones
Which type of hormone is most closely associated with hormone resistance disorders?
Steroid hormone
What is the primary mechanism of hormone release from the anterior pituitary?
Exocytosis
Which type of hormone is most closely associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?
Glucocorticoid
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
Releasing hormone and inhibiting factor production
Which type of hormone is most closely associated with the regulation of calcium metabolism?
Parathyroid hormone
What is the primary site of de novo biosynthesis of steroid hormones?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is a characteristic of hormone excess disorders?
Ectopic hormone production
What is the primary mechanism of hormone action on target cells?
Activation of specific genes to produce new proteins
What is the primary function of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells?
Releasing hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary
What is the primary site of hormone action in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
Target cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of hormone resistance disorders?
Receptor defects
What determines the potency of steroid hormones?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of hormone transport in the blood?
Bound to transport proteins
Which of the following is a type of hormone that is not stored in the gland?
Steroid hormones
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?
Integration of neuroendocrine control and homeostatic regulation
Test your knowledge of the endocrine system, including hormone production and secretion, arrangements, and contrast with exocrine systems.
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