Endocrine System Quiz

A system where a change in one hormone triggers a response that opposes the original change to maintain balance.

A process where a change in a factor triggers a response to counter the initial change.

A process accelerating a response.

The master regulators of many hormone functions.

Hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to release its hormones.

A series of glands working together.

Regulates stress response.

Internal body clocks that regulate hormone release over a 24-hour cycle.

Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream or interstitial spaces, lacking ducts.

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, affecting target cells at very low concentrations.

Hormones may stimulate or inhibit (modulate) biological processes, depending on concentration, and effect varies based on concentration

Hormones that cannot be stored, must be synthesized (created) constantly.

Hormones are released into the bloodstream to reach target cells.

Hormone associated with darkness, synchronizing the body's rhythm to darkness, often called 'sleep hormone' but for humans is associated with nighttime behaviors.

Hormones that primarily influence reproductive differences in males and females.

Often work together to regulate body functions. Some neurons are endocrine cells.

Growth Hormone (GH) release is controlled by positive regulators (GHRH and ghrelin) and a negative regulator (somatostatin).

GH influences carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism in various tissues, including adipocytes and skeletal muscle/liver. GH antagonizes insulin's action.

The GHR is a receptor that binds to GH and activates the JAK-STAT pathway, or potentially PLCγ-MAPK. The GHR is a dimer.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that mediates many of GH's effects. Its production is not solely dependent on GH. IGF-1 can bind to its own receptor of Insulin Receptor (IR)

IGF-1 binding to its receptor triggers downstream signaling pathways that involve phosphorylation and activation of proteins like Akt, Ras, Raf, MEKs, and ERKs.

Somatotroph cells are responsible for producing and secreting GH.

Growth Hormone (GH) is released in bursts or pulses throughout the day.

GH increases IGF-1 secretion in different organs, such as the liver, but those organs can also produce IGF-1 independently.

The inactive thyroid hormone, produced by the thyroid gland. It is a prohormone that converts into the more active form, T3, in peripheral tissues.

The active thyroid hormone that is converted from T4 in peripheral tissues. It has a direct and potent effect on metabolism, growth, and development.

Enzymes that catalyze the conversion of T4 to T3 by removing an iodine atom from T4.

Organs and tissues outside the thyroid gland where thyroid hormones are converted and exert their effects.

Special deiodinases that remove iodine atoms from the outermost ring of T4, leading to its conversion to T3.

Deiodinases involved in the breakdown of T4 and inactivation of T3, playing a crucial role in regulating thyroid hormone levels.

A condition where the body lacks sufficient iodine, leading to thyroid hormone deficiency. It can affect growth, development, and metabolism.

A genetic alteration affecting the production or function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), potentially causing insufficient TSH activity.

A condition where cancer cells produce parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), leading to increased calcium release from bones and reduced calcium excretion by the kidneys, causing high blood calcium levels.

PTHrP, produced by cancer cells, mimics the actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH), increasing bone calcium release and kidney calcium reabsorption, contributing to hypercalcemia in cancer patients.

Hypercalcemia in cancer patients often indicates a poorer outlook (prognosis) and lower survival rates.

The physical characteristics that distinguish a person as male or female, influenced by genetic sex, gonadal sex, and hormone levels.

The chromosomal makeup (XX for female, XY for male) determined at fertilization, laying the foundation for sex development.

The development of ovaries (XX) or testes (XY) influenced by genes like SF1 and SRY, which regulate the expression of SOX9, a gene crucial for testis formation.

The development of internal (urogenital) and external (genitalia, secondary sex characteristics) sex features influenced by gonadal hormones like testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Kiss 1 peptide influences hypothalamic neurons to release GnRH in a pulsatile manner, stimulating luteinizing hormone (LH) release with higher pulse frequency and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release with lower pulse frequency.

Indicates a functional GH axis but a potential issue with IGF-1 production and function.

IGF-1 plays a vital role in developing cochlear hair cells (essential for hearing) and protects them from damage (apoptosis).

A specific hyperthyroidism during pregnancy caused by antibodies mimicking TSH, leading to excessive T3 and T4 production.

hCG, a pregnancy hormone, can bind to TSHR, contributing to the hyperthyroid state in pregnancy-related Graves' disease.

A genetic defect that impairs the pituitary gland's response to GHRH, leading to low GH and IGF-1 levels, resulting in growth failure.

The genetic relationship between parents (first-degree cousins) increases the likelihood of inheriting a recessive gene for growth disorders.

A genetic defect affecting the transport of T3 into cells, leading to severe muscular hypotonia, decreased reflexes, and lack of mental development.

Suggests a problem with the transport or utilization of T3, rather than an issue with thyroid hormone production.