Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of endocrinology?
Which of the following best describes the focus of endocrinology?
- The study of the human nervous system and neurotransmitters.
- The study of blood and its components.
- The study of the heart and circulatory system.
- The study of the endocrine glands, their hormones, receptors, and related signaling pathways. (correct)
What distinguishes endocrine signaling from paracrine signaling?
What distinguishes endocrine signaling from paracrine signaling?
- Endocrine signals are faster than paracrine signals.
- Endocrine signals involve neurotransmitters, while paracrine signals use hormones.
- Endocrine signals act on distant cells through the bloodstream, while paracrine signals act on nearby cells. (correct)
- Endocrine signals act locally, while paracrine signals affect distant cells.
Which of the following is an example of a hormone produced by the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is an example of a hormone produced by the hypothalamus?
- Insulin
- Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (correct)
- Growth Hormone
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of vasopressin?
What is the primary function of vasopressin?
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland?
Which of the following is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland?
Which gland produces cortisol?
Which gland produces cortisol?
What role do thyroid hormones play in the body?
What role do thyroid hormones play in the body?
How does direct negative feedback regulate hormone secretion?
How does direct negative feedback regulate hormone secretion?
In an indirect negative feedback loop involving hormones A and B, what happens when hormone A levels increase?
In an indirect negative feedback loop involving hormones A and B, what happens when hormone A levels increase?
Which of the following describes the action of autocrine hormones?
Which of the following describes the action of autocrine hormones?
What is a key difference between the actions of nerve fibers and hormones in the body?
What is a key difference between the actions of nerve fibers and hormones in the body?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Which of the following is a function of hormones related to reproduction?
Which of the following is a function of hormones related to reproduction?
What is the role of growth hormone in the body?
What is the role of growth hormone in the body?
In the illustrated negative feedback loop, what effect do glucocorticoids have on the release of CRH from the hypothalamus?
In the illustrated negative feedback loop, what effect do glucocorticoids have on the release of CRH from the hypothalamus?
In the adrenal glands, adrenaline is produced by which region?
In the adrenal glands, adrenaline is produced by which region?
What is the main function of the endocrine pancreas?
What is the main function of the endocrine pancreas?
Why is homeostasis important in the context of hormone regulation?
Why is homeostasis important in the context of hormone regulation?
What is the effect of increasing levels of a hormone in a positive feedback loop?
What is the effect of increasing levels of a hormone in a positive feedback loop?
Flashcards
What is Endocrinology?
What is Endocrinology?
The study of the endocrine glands, hormones, receptors, signaling pathways, and related diseases.
What is a hormone?
What is a hormone?
A chemical produced in ductless glands, secreted directly into the bloodstream.
What is Endocrine action?
What is Endocrine action?
Acts on cells or organs at a distant site within the body.
What is Paracrine action?
What is Paracrine action?
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What is Autocrine action?
What is Autocrine action?
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What is Exocrine action?
What is Exocrine action?
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What do nerve fibres do?
What do nerve fibres do?
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What do hormones do?
What do hormones do?
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What is the role of hormones
What is the role of hormones
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What is direct negative feedback?
What is direct negative feedback?
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What is indirect negative feedback?
What is indirect negative feedback?
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What is positive feedback?
What is positive feedback?
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Study Notes
- The unit introduces the endocrine system, main hormones, and their actions.
- The course covers hormonal regulation, endocrine anatomy, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, thyroid hormones, corticosteroid hormones, calcium homeostasis, and the endocrine pancreas.
Lecture 1: General Principles and Anatomy
- The lecture covers definitions, hormone roles, endocrine anatomy, endocrine hormones, hormonal action examples, and hormone level regulation.
- The basic principles of hormonal regulation of body systems are described.
- The basic structure/organization of the endocrine system are described.
- The regulation of hormone levels are covered.
Definitions
- Endocrinology studies endocrine glands, hormones, receptors, signaling pathways, diseases, and related conditions.
- Hormones are chemicals produced in ductless glands, secreted directly into the bloodstream.
- Endocrine action affects cells/organs at distant sites.
- Paracrine action affects local cells or organs.
- Autocrine action affects the cell which produced it.
- Exocrine action involves chemicals produced in glands with ducts, secreted outside the bloodstream.
The role of Hormones
- Organs need to communicate with each other in the body.
- Nerve fibers are fast, local, and short acting.
- Hormones are slow, widespread, and long-term.
- Interactions between systems lead to homeostasis.
Main Endocrine Hormones
- The hypothalamus releases Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone, Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone, Somatostatin, and Dopamine.
- The anterior pituitary releases Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone.
- The posterior pituitary releases Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
- The pineal gland produces Melatonin.
- The thyroid gland produces Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and Calcitonin.
- The parathyroid glands produce Parathyroid hormone.
- The adrenal cortex produces Cortisol and Aldosterone.
- The adrenal medulla produces Adrenaline and Noradrenaline.
- The pancreas produces Insulin and Glucagon.
- The ovaries produce Osterogen and Progesterone.
- The testes produce Testosterone.
- Non-endocrine organs like the liver/kidney produce Vitamin D (calcitriol).
What Hormones Do
- Oestrogen and testosterone are essential for reproduction.
- Growth hormone is essential for growth to normal stature and average life expectancy.
- Vasopressin is essential for the control of body fluid volume.
- Thyroid hormones regulate body temperature.
Control of Hormone Secretion
- Hormone levels are controlled by feedback mechanisms.
- Some cells respond to levels of a particular chemical, like pancreatic beta-cells responding to glucose.
- Direct negative feedback involves a circulating hormone increase decreasing the secretory activity of the cells that make it.
- Indirect negative feedback involves a circulating hormone A increase decreasing the secretory activity of cells responsible for secreting hormone B, which stimulates the production of hormone A.
- Positive feedback involves a circulating hormone increase which boosts production either directly or indirectly.
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