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Questions and Answers
What condition is caused by the deficiency in corticosteroid secretion?
What condition is caused by the deficiency in corticosteroid secretion?
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypothyroidism
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Addison’s disease (correct)
Which of the following is an indication for glucocorticoid therapy according to the text?
Which of the following is an indication for glucocorticoid therapy according to the text?
- Cold
- Trauma (correct)
- Allergy
- Fever
Which hormone is the main glucocorticoid in the endocrine system?
Which hormone is the main glucocorticoid in the endocrine system?
- Testosterone
- Cortisol (correct)
- Aldosterone
- Insulin
In the endocrine system, what are cortisone drugs primarily used to treat?
In the endocrine system, what are cortisone drugs primarily used to treat?
What is the main mineralocorticoid in the endocrine system?
What is the main mineralocorticoid in the endocrine system?
What is the main effect of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
What is the main effect of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the effect of a deficiency in growth hormone?
What is the effect of a deficiency in growth hormone?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
What is the effect of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the effect of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What is the function of oxytocin?
What is the function of oxytocin?
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the action of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
What is the action of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
What is the side effect of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
What is the side effect of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
What is the use of Liothyronine (Cytomel)?
What is the use of Liothyronine (Cytomel)?
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Study Notes
Adrenal Cortex
- Produces two major types of hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
- Main glucocorticoid: cortisol
- Main mineralocorticoid: aldosterone
- Corticosteroids promote Na retention and K excretion
Glucocorticoids
- Influenced by ACTH, released from the anterior pituitary gland
- Affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Can cause Na absorption from the kidney, leading to H2O retention, K loss, and increased blood pressure
- Cortisol: main glucocorticoid, has anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antistress effects
- Indications for therapy: trauma, surgery, infections, emotional upsets, and anxiety
- Glucocorticoid drugs: cortisone, can be given orally, parenteral, topical, or aerosol
- Uses: inflammatory conditions, shock, head trauma, asthma, contact dermatitis, anaphylaxis, debilitating conditions, and organ transplant recipients
Thyroid Gland
- Located anterior to the trachea, has 2 lobes, secretes 2 hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroid hormones have 3 actions:
- Stimulation of energy use, increasing basal metabolism rate
- Stimulation of the heart, leading to increased rate and force of contraction, and increased cardiac output
- Promotion of growth and development (brain and skeletal muscle)
- Can be either a thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism) or an overabundance (hyperthyroidism)
Hypothyroidism
- Decreased thyroid hormone secretion
- Primary cause: thyroid gland disorder or secondary cause: lack of TSH secretion
- Symptoms: lethargic, weak, edema, slow pulse, constipation, weight gain, emotional changes
- Drugs: levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid) and liothyronine (Cytomel) are used to treat hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
- Increased thyroid hormone secretion
- Symptoms: not specified
Pituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the brain, has 2 lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
- Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes 6 hormones:
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin
- Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes 2 hormones:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
- Oxytocin
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