18 Questions
What condition is caused by the deficiency in corticosteroid secretion?
Addison’s disease
Which of the following is an indication for glucocorticoid therapy according to the text?
Trauma
Which hormone is the main glucocorticoid in the endocrine system?
Cortisol
In the endocrine system, what are cortisone drugs primarily used to treat?
Inflammatory conditions
What is the main mineralocorticoid in the endocrine system?
Aldosterone
What is the main effect of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Affecting the metabolism
What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary gland?
To secrete hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones
What is the effect of a deficiency in growth hormone?
Dwarfism
What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
To promote ovulation in females
What is the effect of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Diabetes insipidus
What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
To stimulate the production of thyroid hormones
What is the function of oxytocin?
To stimulate milk production in lactating women
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
Anterior to the trachea
What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
Thyroid gland disorder
What is the action of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
Increase T3 and T4
What is the side effect of Levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid)?
All of the above
What is the use of Liothyronine (Cytomel)?
For initial treatment of Myxedema
Study Notes
Adrenal Cortex
- Produces two major types of hormones: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
- Main glucocorticoid: cortisol
- Main mineralocorticoid: aldosterone
- Corticosteroids promote Na retention and K excretion
Glucocorticoids
- Influenced by ACTH, released from the anterior pituitary gland
- Affect carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Can cause Na absorption from the kidney, leading to H2O retention, K loss, and increased blood pressure
- Cortisol: main glucocorticoid, has anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antistress effects
- Indications for therapy: trauma, surgery, infections, emotional upsets, and anxiety
- Glucocorticoid drugs: cortisone, can be given orally, parenteral, topical, or aerosol
- Uses: inflammatory conditions, shock, head trauma, asthma, contact dermatitis, anaphylaxis, debilitating conditions, and organ transplant recipients
Thyroid Gland
- Located anterior to the trachea, has 2 lobes, secretes 2 hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroid hormones have 3 actions:
- Stimulation of energy use, increasing basal metabolism rate
- Stimulation of the heart, leading to increased rate and force of contraction, and increased cardiac output
- Promotion of growth and development (brain and skeletal muscle)
- Can be either a thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism) or an overabundance (hyperthyroidism)
Hypothyroidism
- Decreased thyroid hormone secretion
- Primary cause: thyroid gland disorder or secondary cause: lack of TSH secretion
- Symptoms: lethargic, weak, edema, slow pulse, constipation, weight gain, emotional changes
- Drugs: levothyroxine sodium (Levothroid, Synthroid) and liothyronine (Cytomel) are used to treat hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
- Increased thyroid hormone secretion
- Symptoms: not specified
Pituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the brain, has 2 lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
- Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes 6 hormones:
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin
- Posterior Pituitary Gland secretes 2 hormones:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
- Oxytocin
Explore the functions of the pituitary gland within the endocrine system, including the roles of the anterior and posterior lobes. Learn about the hormones secreted by each lobe and their effects on the body.
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