Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which system uses electricity to send information throughout the body?

  • Nervous system (correct)
  • Respiratory system
  • Immune system
  • Endocrine system

The endocrine system responds more quickly than the nervous system.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Regulates the entire endocrine system

The _______ glands sit on top of the kidneys.

<p>adrenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glands with their descriptions:

<p>Thyroid = Regulates metabolism Pituitary = Controls other endocrine glands Pancreas = Regulates blood sugar Gonads = Produce sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of responses does the endocrine system typically produce?

<p>Long term effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine hormones are released directly into the blood.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of glands in the endocrine system.

<p>Endocrine and exocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following glands solely produce hormones?

<p>Pineal gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones can only affect target tissues that are located nearby.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the degree to which a hormone will activate its target tissue?

<p>Hormone concentration, number of receptors, and affinity of the hormone for the receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acid based hormones tend to act through __________ receptors.

<p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormone types with their characteristics:

<p>Peptide hormones = Made of amino acids Steroid hormones = Made from cholesterol Amino acid derivatives = Single modified amino acids G protein coupled receptors = Most common type for hormone signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones?

<p>Hydrophobic and lipophilic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acid based hormones can directly enter the target cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adenylyl cyclase activated by G proteins in hormone signaling?

<p>It converts ATP to cyclic AMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved when steroid hormones enter the cell?

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones primarily act on __________ receptors.

<p>intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones act quickly and require high concentrations to be effective.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?

<p>Thyroid hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism primarily regulates hormone secretion in the body?

<p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

All hormones produce the same effects on their target tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of affinity in hormone-receptor interaction?

<p>Affinity determines how strongly a hormone binds to its receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The release of hormones in response to nerve impulses is known as a __________ stimulus.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of stimulus with its description:

<p>Neural stimulus = Release caused by nerve impulse Humoral stimulus = Release triggered by changes in blood composition Hormonal stimulus = Release initiated by another hormone Negative feedback = Process by which a hormone reduces its own secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of _________ hormones is to regulate metabolic processes.

<p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones to their class:

<p>Epinephrine = Amino acid derivative Cortisol = Steroid hormone Insulin = Peptide hormone Testosterone = Steroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is known for producing cortisol?

<p>Adrenal gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes can hormones influence in target cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus produces hormones that directly act on target organs without any intermediary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone released by the parathyroid glands in response to low calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

CRH stands for __________ releasing hormone.

<p>corticotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

<p>Infundibulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in response to a hormonal stimulus from the adrenal gland.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two parts of the pituitary gland.

<p>Anterior and posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormonal stimuli involve one hormone stimulating the release of __________ from a target tissue.

<p>another hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mentioned as having effects throughout the body in response to stress?

<p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis?

<p>Posterior Pituitary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as oxytocin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown?

<p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary releases six hormones, commonly remembered as __________.

<p>flat pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormones with their functions:

<p>FSH = Stimulates growth LH = Regulates reproductive processes ACTH = Stimulates adrenal gland TSH = Stimulates thyroid gland Prolactin = Stimulates milk production GH = Stimulates growth and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone conserves water by acting on the kidneys?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibiting hormones stimulate the release of other hormones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tropic hormones?

<p>Regulate activity of other tissues or glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Releasing hormones stimulate the production of a hormone from __________.

<p>another gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is not released by the anterior pituitary?

<p>ADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary is a part of the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes hormones that suppress the secretion of other hormones?

<p>inhibiting hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

<p>infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is true?

<p>It is involved in bonding and uterine contractions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypophyseal portal system allows direct communication between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary.

<p>ADH or oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce thyroid hormones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of growth hormone?

<p>To promote growth and metabolism in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ feedback mechanism primarily regulates most hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.

<p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones to their respective glands:

<p>Growth hormone = Anterior pituitary Oxytocin = Posterior pituitary Thyroid stimulating hormone = Anterior pituitary Adrenocorticotropic hormone = Anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for telling the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pituitary gigantism is caused by the underproduction of growth hormone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of excess growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have closed?

<p>Acromegaly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone ____ stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol.

<p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicle stimulating hormone in individuals with ovaries?

<p>Stimulate follicle production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have on the skeleton?

<p>Promotes cartilage growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Luteinizing hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production in breast tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus completely controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play during childbirth?

<p>It stimulates uterine contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.

<p>Growth hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gland responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone is the _______ gland.

<p>parathyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolactin stimulates ______ production during breastfeeding.

<p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormones to their primary functions:

<p>FSH = Stimulates follicle production LH = Triggers ovulation Prolactin = Initiates milk production Oxytocin = Causes uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their functions:

<p>Growth hormone = Stimulates growth and metabolism TSH = Stimulates thyroid hormone production ACTH = Stimulates cortisol production FSH = Regulates development of gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the body?

<p>Promotes water retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolactin is controlled by a ______ feedback mechanism during nursing.

<p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do testosterone and estrogen serve in males and females, respectively?

<p>Both are involved in growth and development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin is released only during childbirth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the thyroid gland respond to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>It produces T3 and T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of hypothyroidism, the metabolic rate typically ______.

<p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone with its source:

<p>FSH = Anterior pituitary Prolactin = Anterior pituitary ADH = Posterior pituitary Thyroid hormones = Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?

<p>To raise blood glucose levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is involved in short-term stress response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is absent in individuals with type 1 diabetes?

<p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal cortex produces the hormone ________, which is crucial for long-term stress responses.

<p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their effects:

<p>Insulin = Lowers blood glucose levels Glucagon = Elevates blood glucose levels Cortisol = Increases blood glucose and suppresses the immune system Estrogens = Regulates reproductive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with the body's acute stress response?

<p>Adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receptor insensitivity in type 2 diabetes involves the pancreas not producing enough insulin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does chronic stress have on the immune system?

<p>suppresses the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas produces ________ and ________ to manage blood sugar levels.

<p>glucagon, insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on proteins and fats during stress?

<p>It causes them to be used for energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce to lower blood calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodine is not necessary for the production of thyroid hormones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an underactive thyroid gland?

<p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _______.

<p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following adrenal cortex layers with their hormones:

<p>Zona glomerulosa = Aldosterone Zona fasciculata = Cortisol Zona reticularis = Gonadocorticoids Medulla = Epinephrine and Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of aldosterone?

<p>Retain sodium and excrete potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an excess of thyroid hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in the body?

<p>It increases blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine is also known as _______.

<p>adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Goiter = Swelling of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency Hypothyroidism = Underactive thyroid leading to low hormone production Hyperthyroidism = Overactive thyroid causing excessive hormone production Calcitonin = Hormone that decreases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from low iodine intake?

<p>Goiter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla produces aldosterone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol?

<p>To increase blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic nervous system activation results in the release of _______ and _______ from the adrenal medulla.

<p>epinephrine, norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System Function

Coordinates body functions, development, and maintains homeostasis.

Nervous vs. Endocrine Communication

Nervous system uses electrical signals, endocrine system uses chemical hormones.

Endocrine Response Time

Endocrine system responses are slower and longer lasting than nervous system responses.

Endocrine Glands

Organs that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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Hypothalamus Function

Regulates the entire endocrine system.

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Pituitary Gland

A gland that dangles from the hypothalamus.

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Adrenal Glands

Located above the kidneys, involved in stress response.

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Endocrine Hormones

Chemicals secreted to regulate body processes.

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Target tissue

Tissue that has receptors for a specific hormone.

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Hormone receptors

Proteins on target cells that bind to specific hormones.

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Hormone concentration

Amount of hormone in the blood.

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Hormone affinity

Hormone's attraction to its receptor.

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Peptide hormones

Chains of amino acids.

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Amino acid derivative hormones

Modified single amino acids.

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Steroid hormones

Made from cholesterol.

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Amino acid-based hormones

Water-soluble hormones (peptides, amines).

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Membrane receptors

Hormone receptors on cell membranes.

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G protein-coupled receptors

Common receptor type for amino acid-based hormones.

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Hydrophobic hormones

Hormones that do not dissolve in water.

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Lipophilic hormones

Hormones that dissolve in lipids.

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Intracellular receptors

Hormone receptors located inside the cell.

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Gene expression

Process by which hormones activate or deactivate protein production.

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Steroid Hormone Action

Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane, bind to receptors inside the nucleus, bind to DNA, and trigger gene transcription, leading to protein synthesis.

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Steroid Hormone Receptors

Proteins found in the cytoplasm or nucleus that steroid hormones bind to.

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Hormone Secretion Regulation

Hormones are released through neural, humoral, or hormonal stimulation, primarily through negative feedback.

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Neural Stimulus

Nerve impulses trigger the release of a hormone.

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Humoral Stimulus

Changes in blood levels of substances (not hormones) trigger hormone release.

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Hormonal Stimulus

One hormone triggers the release of another hormone.

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Negative Feedback

A mechanism where a hormone's effects reduce its own further release.

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Endocrine Axis

A series of interconnected endocrine glands, controlled by negative feedback.

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Hypothalamus

Brain region that controls many hormone secretions.

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Anterior Pituitary

Front part of the pituitary gland; has glandular tissue.

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Adeno Hypophysis

Alternative name for the anterior pituitary.

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Hypophyseal Fossa

A bony structure at the base of the brain that houses the pituitary gland.

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Infundibulum

Structure connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

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Calcium Homeostasis

Maintaining appropriate levels of calcium in the blood.

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Sella Turcica

A small depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

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Neurohypophysis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, responsible for releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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Releasing Hormone

A hormone that stimulates the production and release of another hormone from a different gland.

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Inhibiting Hormone

A hormone that suppresses the release of another hormone.

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Tropic Hormone

A hormone that regulates the activity of another tissue, often stimulating growth or production of another substance.

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Posterior Pituitary Hormones

What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Also known as vasopressin; promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine volume.

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Oxytocin

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions, milk letdown, and feelings of bonding and social connection.

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Hypophyseal Portal System

A specialized blood vessel system that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones

What six hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A hormone that stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A hormone that triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

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Prolactin

A hormone that promotes milk production in females.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone that stimulates growth and development, especially in childhood.

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IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)

A hormone produced by the liver in response to growth hormone, that directly stimulates growth of bones and tissues.

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Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where growth occurs.

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Pituitary Gigantism

A condition caused by excessive growth hormone production in childhood, resulting in abnormal growth and height.

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Acromegaly

A condition caused by excessive growth hormone production in adulthood, characterized by thickening of bones and soft tissues, especially in the hands, feet, and face.

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Negative Feedback Loop

A mechanism where the output of a process inhibits further production of that output, maintaining homeostasis.

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Anterior Pituitary Function

It produces and releases a variety of hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and body functions.

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Posterior Pituitary Function

It releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus, including oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which control various bodily functions.

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Acute stress response

The body's immediate reaction to stress, characterized by increased blood flow to muscles, heart, and skin, and a heightened metabolic rate.

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Chronic stress response

A prolonged stress response involving the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol, leading to elevated blood glucose, protein and fat breakdown, and immune suppression.

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Glucagon's role

A hormone produced by the pancreas that elevates blood glucose by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream.

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Insulin's role

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by signaling cells, like fat and muscle cells, to take up glucose from the bloodstream.

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Type 1 diabetes

A condition caused by the pancreas not producing enough insulin, requiring lifelong insulin injections.

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Type 2 diabetes

A condition where cells become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. It can often be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.

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Sex steroids

Hormones, like testosterone and estrogens, produced by the ovaries and testes that regulate the reproductive system and gamete production.

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How does cortisol affect blood glucose?

Cortisol increases blood glucose by promoting the breakdown of proteins and fats into glucose, providing energy during stress.

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What is the relationship between stress and the immune system?

Chronic stress suppresses the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illness.

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What are the two main functions of the pancreas?

The pancreas acts as both an endocrine and exocrine organ. It secretes hormones (endocrine) and digestive enzymes (exocrine).

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Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones.

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Cause of Hypothyroidism: Autoimmune Reaction

The body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, disrupting its function.

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Cause of Hypothyroidism: Pituitary Issue

The pituitary gland doesn't produce enough TSH, leading to decreased thyroid hormone production.

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Cause of Hypothyroidism: Iodine Deficiency

Lack of iodine prevents the thyroid from making enough thyroid hormones.

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Goiter

Swelling of the thyroid gland due to increased size.

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Goiter Cause: Iodine Deficiency

When the thyroid tries to make hormones but lacks iodine, it gets larger.

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Hyperthyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

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Cause of Hyperthyroidism: Overactive Thyroid

The thyroid gland is excessively producing hormones.

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Cause of Hyperthyroidism: Tumor

A tumor in the thyroid can release excessive thyroid hormones.

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Hyperthyroidism Symptoms

Increased metabolic rate, elevated body temperature, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and weight loss.

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Calcitonin

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium levels.

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Calcitonin Function

Calcitonin promotes calcium storage in bones, reduces calcium absorption in the intestines, and increases calcium excretion in urine.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels.

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PTH Function

PTH stimulates bone breakdown to release calcium, increases calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion in urine.

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Gonadotropins

Hormones that act on the gonads (ovaries or testes), regulating gamete production and sex hormone synthesis.

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What does FSH do in females?

FSH promotes follicle maturation in the ovaries, which hold and develop eggs, leading to the production of estrogen.

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What does FSH do in males?

FSH stimulates the testes to produce sperm, the male gametes.

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What does LH do in females?

LH triggers the release of a mature egg during ovulation and stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone.

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What does LH do in males?

LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

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How is prolactin regulated?

Prolactin is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism, meaning that breastfeeding stimulates further prolactin production, leading to more milk production.

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How does oxytocin work during labor?

Oxytocin causes uterine contractions, helping the baby to be born. This process is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism.

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How does oxytocin work with breastfeeding?

Oxytocin stimulates the release of milk from the breasts, triggered by nursing. This too is a positive feedback mechanism.

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What does ADH do to your body?

ADH reduces urine production, conserves water, and elevates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

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Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland, regulated by TSH from the pituitary, that increase metabolic rate, essential for growth and development.

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