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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
Which gland secretes a fluid that cleanses the urethra and reduces trauma of insertion into the female reproductive tract?
Which gland secretes a fluid that cleanses the urethra and reduces trauma of insertion into the female reproductive tract?
What is the primary component of semen?
What is the primary component of semen?
What is the function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
What is the function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of semen?
Which of the following is NOT a component of semen?
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Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
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What is the primary function of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
What is the primary function of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
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What is the diabetogenic effect of Growth Hormone (GH)?
What is the diabetogenic effect of Growth Hormone (GH)?
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Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) are produced by which organ?
Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) are produced by which organ?
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Which of the following is a direct action of Growth Hormone (GH)?
Which of the following is a direct action of Growth Hormone (GH)?
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What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?
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What is the role of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
What is the role of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation in females?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation in females?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the hormone prolactin?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hormone prolactin?
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What is the main difference between the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary, oxytocin and ADH?
What is the main difference between the two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary, oxytocin and ADH?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)?
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)?
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What effect does testosterone have on spermatogenesis?
What effect does testosterone have on spermatogenesis?
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What role does inhibin play in male reproduction?
What role does inhibin play in male reproduction?
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Which hormone causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone and a small amount of estrogen?
Which hormone causes interstitial cells to secrete testosterone and a small amount of estrogen?
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What are some of the effects of testosterone in the male body?
What are some of the effects of testosterone in the male body?
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What is produced when the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II after fertilization?
What is produced when the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II after fertilization?
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What occurs in the ovarian cycle during the follicular phase?
What occurs in the ovarian cycle during the follicular phase?
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What is the role of the zona pellucida?
What is the role of the zona pellucida?
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Which phase directly follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
Which phase directly follows ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
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What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?
What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?
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What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?
What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?
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During which cycle phase do estrogen levels begin to rise significantly?
During which cycle phase do estrogen levels begin to rise significantly?
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What marks the start of the uterine menstrual phase?
What marks the start of the uterine menstrual phase?
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What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
What occurs in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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What is a key feature of the secondary follicle?
What is a key feature of the secondary follicle?
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What typically occurs to the mullerian duct in males during sexual differentiation?
What typically occurs to the mullerian duct in males during sexual differentiation?
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During the sexual differentiation of females, what structure does the genital tubercle develop into?
During the sexual differentiation of females, what structure does the genital tubercle develop into?
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Which of the following is a key function of testosterone during male sexual differentiation?
Which of the following is a key function of testosterone during male sexual differentiation?
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What is the correct sequence of structural formation in males during sexual differentiation?
What is the correct sequence of structural formation in males during sexual differentiation?
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What is the viability period for sperm following ejaculation?
What is the viability period for sperm following ejaculation?
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What structures do the urethral folds develop into in females?
What structures do the urethral folds develop into in females?
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What critical role do primordial germ cells play in sexual differentiation?
What critical role do primordial germ cells play in sexual differentiation?
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What happens to the wolffian duct in females during sexual differentiation?
What happens to the wolffian duct in females during sexual differentiation?
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Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones?
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Which of the following are produced by the gonads?
Which of the following are produced by the gonads?
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What is the role of G proteins in the mechanism of amino acid-based hormones?
What is the role of G proteins in the mechanism of amino acid-based hormones?
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Where are the receptors for steroid hormones typically located?
Where are the receptors for steroid hormones typically located?
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What is the mechanism by which steroid hormones directly activate gene expression?
What is the mechanism by which steroid hormones directly activate gene expression?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the steroid hormone mechanism of action?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the steroid hormone mechanism of action?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system uses chemical messengers (hormones) to control body functions.
- Hormones are secreted by glands and affect target cells.
- Endocrine responses are slower than nervous system responses but can last longer.
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems
- Nervous system uses electrochemical impulses through neurons.
- Nervous system primarily affects excitable tissues (e.g., muscle, glands).
- Nervous system responses are fast, happening in milliseconds.
- Nervous system responses are less intense over time as adaptation occurs.
- Endocrine system uses chemical messengers (hormones) to affect various cells in the body.
- Endocrine responses occur in seconds to several minutes or hours, varying based on hormones and their targets.
- The effects of an endocrine response can last longer compared to nerve impulses.
Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands
- Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts (e.g., digestive glands, sweat glands).
- Endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream. These glands lack ducts.
- Endocrine secretions are hormones.
- Endocrine glands are highly vascularized.
- Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, and pancreas.
Chemical Messengers
- Hormones: Chemical messengers that travel long distances in the body (e.g., insulin, thyroid hormone).
- Autocrines: Chemicals affecting the same cell that produced them (e.g., cytokines).
- Paracrines: Chemicals affecting neighboring cells (e.g., histamine).
- Pheromones: Chemicals secreted by one individual that affect a response in another individual (e.g., sex attractants).
Hormone Action
- Hormones exert their effects on target cells exhibiting receptors for the specific hormones.
- Hormones can elicit various generalized effects, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and development.
- Hormone effects vary depending on the type of target cell.
Hormonal Effects
- Open/close ion channels (change cell permeability).
- Stimulate protein synthesis (produce specific protein types).
- Activate/deactivate enzymes.
- Promote secretion (influence gland/cell function).
- Stimulate mitosis/differentiation, influencing growth and development.
- Hormones cause growth and repair.
Chemical Classifications of Hormones
- Amino-acid based (nonsteroid): water-soluble hormones using secondary messenger systems (e.g., insulin, epinephrine).
- Steroid: lipid-soluble (derived from cholesterol) hormones requiring receptor sites inside the target cell (e.g., testosterone, estrogen).
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Amino Acid-based hormones typically use a second messenger system.
- Steroid and thyroid hormones use intracellular receptors.
Hormones and Body Regulation
- Concentrations of hormones in the bloodstream control hormonal effects.
- Up regulation and down regulation modulate receptor number and hormone responsiveness on target cells.
- Permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism describe the interactions of different hormones on the same target cell.
Hormone Release Regulation
- Humoral regulation: Blood concentration/related changes stimulate gland hormone release.
- Neural regulation: Nervous system impulses can stimulate hormone release.
- Hormonal regulation: One hormone stimulates or inhibits release of another hormone.
Major Endocrine Glands and Locations
- Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, pineal, thymus
Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary)
- Made of nervous tissue.
- Secretion of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
- Composed of glandular tissue.
- Secretion of various hormones regulating other endocrine glands.
Thyroid Gland
- Secretion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) regulating metabolic rate and other functions.
- Secretion of calcitonin.
Parathyroid Glands
- Secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulating calcium homeostasis.
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone; regulates sodium and potassium balance) and glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol; for stress response and metabolism), and gonadocorticoids.
- Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Pancreas
- Secretion of insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels.
Gonads
- Testes secrete testosterone.
- Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
Pineal Gland
- Secretion of melatonin.
Thymus
- Plays a role in immune development (in childhood).
Reproduction Summary
- Testes produce testosterone, and ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
- Spermatogenesis (sperm production) and oogenesis (egg production) are described in terms of hormone influence and regulation
- Key structures such as the seminiferous tubules, corpus luteum, uterus, and vagina are described.
- The processes of sperm maturation, fertilization, and sexual differentiation/hormonal regulation are detailed.
Hormones in Other Organs
- List of hormones from tissues/organs not endocrine in nature and influence on the body.
- Role of other organs regulating the endocrine system, for example the heart, in terms of hormone modulation and release.
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Description
Explore the intricate workings of the endocrine system and how it contrasts with the nervous system. This quiz covers the roles of hormones, glands, and responses within these essential systems. Learn about the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands for a comprehensive understanding.
