Endocrine System Standard
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is one of the principal endocrine glands of the body?

  • Gall bladder
  • Salivary gland
  • Urethra
  • Gastrointestinal tract (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of the endocrine system?

  • Carries substances which are important for digestion (correct)
  • Produces effects that last for hours, days and even longer
  • Releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body
  • Releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously

    • Which of the following hormones are water-soluble derivatives of amino acids?

  • Steroids
  • Catecholamines
  • Fatty acids
  • Peptide hormones (correct)

    • Peptide hormones (including glucagon-like peptide-1, or GLP-1):

    <p>Are first synthesized as precursor prohormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding peptide hormones is NOT true?

    <p>They readily diffuse in and out of cells across the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true of steroid hormones?

    <p>They are major components of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most complex endocrine responses involve the:

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine organs are NEVER regulated by:

    <p>Voluntary action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that act to control secretions of which gland?

    <p>Anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic nuclei produce:

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme secreted into the bloodstream by the kidneys is responsible for the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in which organ?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive organ contains exocrine and endocrine cells (including alpha, beta, and delta cells)?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood glucose levels:

    <p>Fall glucagon is released from the endocrine pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid hormone contains the mineral:

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodination of tyrosine results in the formation of:

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coupling of monoiodotyrosine (T1) with diiodotyrosine (T2) results in the formation of:

    <p>Thyroxine (T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroxine (T4) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of:

    <p>Body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parathyroid hormone is secreted from the parathyroid glands when plasma levels of which ion fall below the normal range?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcitonin is secreted from the C cells of which gland when calcium ion concentrations are abnormally high?

    <p>Thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines and is located above each kidney?

    <p>Adrenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are NOT steroid hormones?

    <p>Catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) are hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex to modify:

    <p>Glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, is a hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which affects:

    <p>Mineral metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The androgens are hormones produced in small quantities and secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex which exert:

    <p>Masculinizing effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal medulla is the core of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline) into the blood during:

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum?

    <p>Pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary releases peptide hormones originally produced in the:

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that causes:

    <p>Water retention at the kidneys and an elevation of blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are affected by changes in:

    <p>Osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus or mammary glands in females and the prostate gland in males?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland EXCEPT:

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone accelerates body growth partly through stimulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) secretion?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the:

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands and enhances growth of the:

    <p>Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates:

    <p>Oogenesis in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females triggers which process?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prolactin stimulates functional development of which glands in females?

    <p>Mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intermediate lobe (pars intermedia) of the pituitary gland produces melanocyte-stimulating hormones, which regulate:

    <p>Skin coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proper growth and development requires all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Endocrine System Overview

    • The endocrine system is a major regulatory system in the body that uses hormones to communicate between cells and maintain homeostasis.
    • Hormones are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to their target cells.
    • The endocrine system influences many aspects of physiology, including metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and mood.

    Types of Hormones

    • Peptide hormones: water-soluble, synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into vesicles, released by exocytosis (e.g., insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone).
    • Steroid hormones: lipid-soluble, derived from cholesterol, synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, diffuse across cell membranes, bind to intracellular receptors (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, aldosterone).

    Key Endocrine Organs

    • Hypothalamus: located in the brain, controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
    • Pituitary gland: divided into anterior and posterior lobes, produces a wide range of hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and many bodily functions.
    • Thyroid gland: located in the neck, produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism.
    • Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
    • Adrenal glands: located above the kidneys, consist of the adrenal cortex and medulla, produce various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline.
    • Pancreas: located in the abdomen, has both exocrine and endocrine functions, produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

    Hormone Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms

    • Negative feedback: a common mechanism for regulating hormone secretion, where the product of a pathway inhibits its own production.
    • Positive feedback: less common, where the product of a pathway stimulates its own production.
    • Neural control: some hormones are directly regulated by the nervous system.
    • Hormonal control: hormones secreted by one endocrine gland can influence the secretion of hormones from other glands.

    Hormone Receptors and Actions

    • Target cells: cells with specific receptors for a particular hormone.
    • Mechanism of action: hormones bind to their receptors to trigger specific cellular responses, ultimately altering cell function.

    Important Hormones & Their Functions

    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): produced by the posterior pituitary, regulates water balance and blood pressure.
    • Oxytocin: produced by the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions and milk release.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates thyroid hormone secretion.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates cortisol secretion.
    • Growth hormone (GH): produced by the anterior pituitary, promotes growth and development.
    • Prolactin: produced by the anterior pituitary, promotes milk production.
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): produced by the anterior pituitary, regulates egg development in females and sperm production in males.
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH): produced by the anterior pituitary, triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.
    • Insulin: produced by the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels.
    • Glucagon: produced by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels.
    • Cortisol: produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates stress response and blood glucose levels.
    • Aldosterone: produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates mineral metabolism and blood pressure.
    • Epinephrine (adrenaline): produced by the adrenal medulla, "fight or flight" response.
    • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): produced by the adrenal medulla, "fight or flight" response.
    • Calcitonin: produced by the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): produced by the parathyroid glands, raises blood calcium levels.

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    Physiology Endocrine System Self-Assessment PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of the endocrine system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis through hormone communication. This quiz covers the types of hormones, their functions, and key endocrine organs. Test your knowledge of how these hormones influence metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood.

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