Endocrine System (Random Questions)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of oxytocin during and after delivery?

  • Regulates blood sugar
  • Stimulates fat storage
  • Enhances uterine contractions (correct)
  • Increases urine production

    • Oxytocin is known to have a specific function in non-pregnant females.

    False

    What is the primary role of melatonin in the body?

  • Promotes wakefulness
  • Contributes to sleepiness (correct)
  • Stimulates appetite
  • Regulates blood sugar levels

    • What hormone stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands?

    <p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thymus gland is located behind the sternum and aids in T cell maturation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one hormone produced by the thymus.

    <p>Thymosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH, also known as __________, helps to control urine volume.

    <p>vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pineal gland is responsible for producing ______, which is derived from serotonin.

    <p>melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormone with its effect:

    <p>Oxytocin = Enhances uterine contractions ADH = Decreases urine volume Thyroid hormones = Regulate metabolism Alcohol = Inhibits secretion of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located?

    <p>Just inferior to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glands to their functions:

    <p>Pineal Gland = Regulates sleep and biological clock Thymus = Promotes T cell maturation Hypothalamus = Controls body's biological clock Pituitary Gland = Regulates various endocrine functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol increases ADH secretion, leading to reduced urine output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?

    <p>Regulating target cell activity and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pineal gland is correct?

    <p>It is located at the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal mass of the thyroid gland in grams?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland consists of two lobes connected by an __________.

    <p>isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for accumulating adipose tissue in girls?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ gland is responsible for secreting hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

    <p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to urine output in the complete absence of ADH?

    <p>Increases more than tenfold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their primary effects:

    <p>Estrogen = Promotes adipose tissue accumulation Testosterone = Builds muscle mass Insulin = Regulates blood sugar levels Cortisol = Manages stress responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an endocrine gland?

    <p>Sweat gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones released into the bloodstream can affect only the area near the gland that released them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are typically produced in the ovaries?

    <p>Estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding their secretory cells.

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does testosterone play in the male body during puberty?

    <p>Builds muscle mass and lowers voice pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by C thyrocytes in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of thyroid hormones can lead to severe mental retardation and stunted bone growth during childhood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of calcitonin on calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>It decreases calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 increase the __________ metabolic rate.

    <p>basal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Calcitonin = Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts Thyroid hormones = Increase basal metabolic rate Osteoclasts = Cells that break down bone matrix Catecholamines = Hormones associated with the fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one function of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Enhance actions of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of calcitonin lead to increased bone resorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do catecholamines play in the body?

    <p>They are involved in the fight or flight response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During its high blood level, calcitonin lowers the amount of blood __________ and phosphates.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a deficiency in thyroid hormones during critical development periods lead to?

    <p>Mental retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Increase the number and activity of osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suprarenal glands are also known as the adrenal glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol in the kidneys?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ zone of the suprarenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone.

    <p>zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following zones of the suprarenal cortex with their secreted hormones:

    <p>Zona Glomerulosa = Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) Zona Fasciculata = Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Zona Reticularis = Weak androgens Medulla = Epinephrine and Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many parathyroid glands are typically present?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The suprarenal gland is divided into two main regions: the cortex and the medulla.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the body's mineral homeostasis?

    <p>It helps regulate mineral balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ hormone is responsible for increasing the absorption rate of calcium, HPO4 2−, and Mg2+ from the digestive tract.

    <p>calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the suprarenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

    <p>Zona Fasciculata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System

    • Regulates activity and growth of target cells
    • Regulates metabolism
    • Secretes substances called hormones into interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells.
    • Hormones enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream.
    • Bloodstream delivers hormones throughout the body.
    • Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal (adrenal), and pineal glands.
    • Hormone-secreting cells include the hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta.

    Oxytocin (OT)

    • Released during and after childbirth
    • Enhances contraction of smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the uterus, stimulating milk ejection from the mammary glands
    • Unknown function in males and non-pregnant females
    • May be responsible for feelings of sexual pleasure during and after intercourse

    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    • Increases water retention and decreases urine production
    • Deficiency causes increased urine output (up to 20L per day).
    • Alcohol inhibits secretion of ADH leading to increased urination.

    Calcitonin (CT)

    • Produced by the thyroid gland
    • Decreases level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts (cells which break down bone extracellular matrix)
    • Lowers the amount of blood calcium and phosphates
    • Accelerates uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix.

    Thyroid Gland

    • Butterfly-shaped gland located just inferior to the larynx (voice box)
    • Composed of right and left lobes, connected by an isthmus
    • Thyroid follicles are microscopic spherical sacs that produce hormones
    • Deficiency of thyroid hormones can lead to severe mental retardation and stunted bone growth.

    Actions of Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4)

    • Increase basal metabolic rate, the rate of energy expenditure under standard or basal conditions (awake, at rest, and fasting).
    • Enhance actions of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

    Parathyroid Glands/Hormone

    • Small, round masses partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland lobes
    • Typically four glands, two superior and two inferior
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the number and activity of osteoclasts, resulting in elevated bone resorption, which releases ionic calcium (Ca2+) and phosphates (HPO42−) into the blood.
    • PTH promotes the formation of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) and increases the rate of Ca2+, HPO42−, and Mg2+ absorption from the digestive canal into the blood.

    Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland

    • Paired glands located superior to each kidney in the retroperitoneal space.
    • Composed of:
      • Suprarenal Cortex (80-90% of the gland):
        • Zona Glomerulosa: Secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), affecting mineral homeostasis.
        • Zona Fasciculata: Secretes Glucocorticoids (cortisol), involved in glucose homeostasis.
        • Zona Reticularis: Synthesizes small amounts of weak androgens (steroid hormones with masculinizing effects).
      • Suprarenal Medulla: Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are involved in the fight-or-flight response.

    Pancreas

    • Produces digestive enzymes and hormones
    • Contains hormone-secreting cells called pancreatic islets.
    • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose levels.
    • Glucagon: Raises blood glucose levels.

    Pineal Gland

    • Small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
    • Produces melatonin, an amine hormone derived from serotonin.
    • Melatonin promotes sleepiness and contributes to the setting of the body's biological clock.

    Thymus

    • Located behind the sternum between the lungs.
    • Produces hormones that promote the maturation of T cells (a type of white blood cell) and may retard the aging process. These hormones include:
      • Thymosin.
      • Thymic humoral factor (THF).
      • Thymic factor (TF).
      • Thymopoietin.

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    Endocrine System Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the key functions of the endocrine system, including hormone regulation and the role of various glands. This quiz covers important hormones like oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, detailing their effects and significance in the body. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to maintain bodily functions.

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