Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is carried in blood attached to a transport protein and is only active when freed?
What is carried in blood attached to a transport protein and is only active when freed?
Thyroid hormone
What does the Thyroid hormone stimulate?
What does the Thyroid hormone stimulate?
Glucose metabolism and increases basal metabolic rate and body heat
What is Thyroid hormone an important regulator of?
What is Thyroid hormone an important regulator of?
Growth and development with hGH
What do decreased levels of Thyroid hormone stimulate?
What do decreased levels of Thyroid hormone stimulate?
What does hypothalamic TRH stimulate and what does that cause?
What does hypothalamic TRH stimulate and what does that cause?
What are the two thyroid gland pathologies?
What are the two thyroid gland pathologies?
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism in adults?
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism in adults?
What is a consequence of lack of iodine in Hypothyroidism?
What is a consequence of lack of iodine in Hypothyroidism?
What are the symptoms of Cretinism in infants?
What are the symptoms of Cretinism in infants?
What does Graves disease cause?
What does Graves disease cause?
What is the body's second homeostatic control system?
What is the body's second homeostatic control system?
What system uses hormones as a control agent?
What system uses hormones as a control agent?
What are chemical messengers released into the blood to regulate specific body functions?
What are chemical messengers released into the blood to regulate specific body functions?
Where are hormones secreted from?
Where are hormones secreted from?
What is the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs?
What is the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs?
What describes the Nervous System?
What describes the Nervous System?
What describes the Endocrine System?
What describes the Endocrine System?
What kind of glands have a rich capillary blood supply and form a discrete structure?
What kind of glands have a rich capillary blood supply and form a discrete structure?
What type of glands secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid by exocytosis?
What type of glands secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid by exocytosis?
What type of glands secrete various compounds by exocytosis into a duct system?
What type of glands secrete various compounds by exocytosis into a duct system?
What type of glands has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
What type of glands has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
What are the six pure endocrine glands?
What are the six pure endocrine glands?
Pancreas and gonads are a type of what kind of glands?
Pancreas and gonads are a type of what kind of glands?
What are seven types of endocrine tissue?
What are seven types of endocrine tissue?
What is an example of neuroendocrine organs?
What is an example of neuroendocrine organs?
What are the two types of chemical regulators?
What are the two types of chemical regulators?
What is a circulating hormone and what does it do?
What is a circulating hormone and what does it do?
What does a local hormone do?
What does a local hormone do?
What are two examples of local hormones?
What are two examples of local hormones?
What do paracrine hormones do?
What do paracrine hormones do?
What do autocrine hormones do?
What do autocrine hormones do?
How are circulating hormones inactivated?
How are circulating hormones inactivated?
How would kidney or liver disease cause problems?
How would kidney or liver disease cause problems?
What are the two main chemical classes of circulating hormones?
What are the two main chemical classes of circulating hormones?
What are three types of amino acid-based hormones?
What are three types of amino acid-based hormones?
What are steroids synthesized from?
What are steroids synthesized from?
What are five ways hormones may alter cell activities and metabolism?
What are five ways hormones may alter cell activities and metabolism?
Since amino acid-based hormones cannot enter cells, what must happen?
Since amino acid-based hormones cannot enter cells, what must happen?
What are four types of molecules that serve as second messengers?
What are four types of molecules that serve as second messengers?
What are the five steps to cyclic AMP (cAMP) for Hormone A?
What are the five steps to cyclic AMP (cAMP) for Hormone A?
What are the three steps to cyclic AMP for Hormone B?
What are the three steps to cyclic AMP for Hormone B?
Can two second messengers work together?
Can two second messengers work together?
What do second messengers activate/trigger?
What do second messengers activate/trigger?
What are the three types of hormone interactions at a target?
What are the three types of hormone interactions at a target?
What is a permissive hormone interaction?
What is a permissive hormone interaction?
What is a synergism hormone interaction?
What is a synergism hormone interaction?
What is an antagonism hormone interaction?
What is an antagonism hormone interaction?
What are the three types of control of hormone release?
What are the three types of control of hormone release?
What is hormonal control of hormone release and give an example?
What is hormonal control of hormone release and give an example?
What is humoral control/Autocontrol of hormone release and what are three examples?
What is humoral control/Autocontrol of hormone release and what are three examples?
What is nervous system control of hormone release?
What is nervous system control of hormone release?
What are three examples of nervous system control hormone release?
What are three examples of nervous system control hormone release?
What are the two functional components of the Pituitary Gland?
What are the two functional components of the Pituitary Gland?
What does the Anterior Pituitary do, what is it made of, and what's its other name?
What does the Anterior Pituitary do, what is it made of, and what's its other name?
What does the Posterior Pituitary secrete, what is it made of, and what is its other name?
What does the Posterior Pituitary secrete, what is it made of, and what is its other name?
What is the Pituitary Gland connected to and how?
What is the Pituitary Gland connected to and how?
What are the two vascular linkages of the pituitary gland?
What are the two vascular linkages of the pituitary gland?
What are the two nervous linkages of the pituitary gland?
What are the two nervous linkages of the pituitary gland?
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland that regulate hormone release?
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland that regulate hormone release?
How does the Anterior Pituitary regulate hormone release?
How does the Anterior Pituitary regulate hormone release?
What are the two ways the Posterior Pituitary regulates hormone release?
What are the two ways the Posterior Pituitary regulates hormone release?
How is Growth Hormone (hGH) released?
How is Growth Hormone (hGH) released?
What are the actions of Growth Hormones?
What are the actions of Growth Hormones?
What are two pathologies of growth hormone and examples of both?
What are two pathologies of growth hormone and examples of both?
How is Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released?
How is Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released?
How is Thyroid stimulating hormone release inhibited?
How is Thyroid stimulating hormone release inhibited?
What are two actions of Thyroid stimulating hormones?
What are two actions of Thyroid stimulating hormones?
What are two pathologies of Thyroid stimulating hormones?
What are two pathologies of Thyroid stimulating hormones?
How is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release stimulated?
How is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release stimulated?
How is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone release inhibited?
How is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone release inhibited?
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone target?
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone target?
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?
What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?
What are two pathologies of Adrenocorticotropic hormones?
What are two pathologies of Adrenocorticotropic hormones?
How is Follicle stimulating hormone release stimulated?
How is Follicle stimulating hormone release stimulated?
How is Follicle stimulating hormone release inhibited?
How is Follicle stimulating hormone release inhibited?
What does Follicle stimulating hormone target?
What does Follicle stimulating hormone target?
In which sex is Luteinizing Hormone found and what is it?
In which sex is Luteinizing Hormone found and what is it?
How is Luteinizing Hormone release stimulated?
How is Luteinizing Hormone release stimulated?
How is Luteinizing Hormone release inhibited?
How is Luteinizing Hormone release inhibited?
What does Luteinizing Hormone target?
What does Luteinizing Hormone target?
What does Luteinizing Hormone stimulate?
What does Luteinizing Hormone stimulate?
How is prolactin release stimulated?
How is prolactin release stimulated?
How is prolactin release enhanced?
How is prolactin release enhanced?
How is prolactin release inhibited?
How is prolactin release inhibited?
What does prolactin target?
What does prolactin target?
What does prolactin stimulate?
What does prolactin stimulate?
What are six hormones of the Anterior Lobe?
What are six hormones of the Anterior Lobe?
How is Oxytocin released?
How is Oxytocin released?
What does Oxytocin release stimulate?
What does Oxytocin release stimulate?
What does Oxytocin target?
What does Oxytocin target?
How is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release stimulated?
How is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release stimulated?
How is Antidiuretic hormone release inhibited?
How is Antidiuretic hormone release inhibited?
What two places does Antidiuretic hormone target?
What two places does Antidiuretic hormone target?
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
How many lateral lobes does the Thyroid gland have and what are they connected by?
How many lateral lobes does the Thyroid gland have and what are they connected by?
What is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body?
What is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body?
Does the Thyroid gland have no blood supply?
Does the Thyroid gland have no blood supply?
What kind of follicles does the thyroid gland have, and what do they produce?
What kind of follicles does the thyroid gland have, and what do they produce?
What kind of hormones are produced at the spherical follicles in the Thyroid gland?
What kind of hormones are produced at the spherical follicles in the Thyroid gland?
What are the two main structures of the Thyroid gland?
What are the two main structures of the Thyroid gland?
Where are the Parafollicular cells located, what are they, and what do they produce?
Where are the Parafollicular cells located, what are they, and what do they produce?
What does the interior of the spherical follicle contain and what is its purpose?
What does the interior of the spherical follicle contain and what is its purpose?
What are the four hormones found in the Thyroid gland?
What are the four hormones found in the Thyroid gland?
What do thyroid hormones target?
What do thyroid hormones target?
How are thyroid hormones carried and how are they activated?
How are thyroid hormones carried and how are they activated?
Flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
The body's secondary homeostatic control system using hormones.
Hormones
Hormones
Chemical messengers that regulate body functions.
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
Nervous System vs. Endocrine System
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Exocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands
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Mixed Glands
Mixed Glands
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Local Hormones
Local Hormones
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Circulating Hormones
Circulating Hormones
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Hormone Categories
Hormone Categories
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Amino Acid-based Hormones
Amino Acid-based Hormones
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Hormone Interaction Types
Hormone Interaction Types
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Permissive Interaction
Permissive Interaction
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Synergism Interaction
Synergism Interaction
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Antagonism Interaction
Antagonism Interaction
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Control of Hormone Release
Control of Hormone Release
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Humoral Factors
Humoral Factors
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Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
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Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
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Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
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Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
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Negative Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanism
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Hormonal Pathologies
Hormonal Pathologies
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system serves as the body's secondary homeostatic control system.
- Hormones, acting as chemical messengers, are vital for regulating body functions.
- Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Differentiation between Endocrine and Nervous System
- The nervous system operates rapidly via action potentials and neurotransmitters causing brief responses.
- The endocrine system is slower, uses hormones circulated in the blood, and allows for more prolonged effects on target cells.
Types of Glands
- Endocrine glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid) secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands release substances through ducts (e.g., sweat glands).
- Mixed glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions (e.g., pancreas, gonads).
Hormone Categories
- Local hormones act close to their release site (e.g., paracrine and autocrine).
- Circulating hormones travel via blood, affecting distant target cells.
- Major chemical classes include amino acid-based hormones and steroids (synthesized from cholesterol).
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Amino acid-based hormones use second messengers (like cAMP) to convey their signal inside cells.
- Hormones can alter cellular activity by modifying membrane permeability, synthesizing molecules, or stimulating mitosis.
Hormone Interactions
- Three types:
- Permissive: One hormone enhances the effect of another.
- Synergism: Combined effects of hormones are greater than individual effects.
- Antagonism: One hormone counteracts the effect of another.
Control of Hormone Release
- Controlled by humoral factors (e.g., blood levels of certain ions), neural inputs, or hormonal signals.
- Examples include calcium levels regulating PTH and nervous system stimulation of adrenal glands.
Pituitary Gland Functions
- Divided into anterior (glandular tissue) and posterior (neurosecretory tissue).
- Anterior pituitary releases hormones (e.g., GH, TSH) stimulated by signals from the hypothalamus.
- Posterior pituitary releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus (e.g., oxytocin, ADH).
Specific Hormones and Their Functions
- Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and metabolism; regulated by GHRH and inhibited by somatostatin.
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid hormone release; regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal cortex; regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus.
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovarian and testicular function; regulated by GnRH.
Thyroid Gland Characteristics
- Located in the anterior neck, has rich blood supply and is the largest pure endocrine gland.
- Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) from spherical follicles and calcitonin from parafollicular cells.
- Thyroid hormones influence metabolic rate and are vital for growth and development.
Common Hormonal Pathologies
- Hypothyroidism: Results in low metabolism, lethargy, and can lead to goiter if due to iodine deficiency.
- Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves’ disease): Characterized by elevated metabolism, sweating, and bulging eyes.
- Growth Hormone disorders can lead to conditions like pituitary dwarfism or acromegaly.
Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
- TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH release from the anterior pituitary, which in turn stimulates the thyroid.
- Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis of hormone levels.
Additional Notes
- Local hormones are short-lived and act on nearby cells; circulating hormones have longer-lasting effects.
- Pathologies can stem from imbalances in hormone production or signaling pathways, affecting various physiological functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the endocrine system's structure and function with this quiz. Explore how hormones act as chemical messengers, the roles of different glands, and the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems. Challenge yourself to understand various hormone categories and their effects on the body.