Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which cranial nerve carries taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
  • Facial nerve (VII) (correct)
  • Optic nerve (II)
  • Vagus nerve (X)

    • What type of papillae are primarily responsible for sensing taste in the lateral trenches of the tongue?

  • Vallate papillae
  • Fungiform papillae
  • Filiform papillae
  • Foliate papillae (correct)

    • Which structure in the eye is responsible for controlling the size and opening of the pupil?

  • Sclera
  • Iris (correct)
  • Cornea
  • Ciliary body

    • What is the primary function of olfactory glands in the nasal cavity?

    <p>Produce mucus to dissolve odor molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells undergoes mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells?

    <p>Brain stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor detects light that strikes the retina?

    <p>Photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is associated with detecting high-frequency vibrations?

    <p>Pacinian corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of muscle spindles?

    <p>Monitor muscle length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory pathway is responsible for conveying information about pain and temperature?

    <p>Spinothalamic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Ruffini corpuscles primarily detect?

    <p>Skin stretching and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neurons are used in the spinoreticular pathway?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following receptors are primarily responsible for detecting itching and tickling sensations?

    <p>Itch &amp; tickle receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sensory pathways, where do the 1st order neurons transmit impulses to?

    <p>The spinal cord or brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of calcitonin in relation to calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>Decrease blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aldosterone have on blood potassium levels?

    <p>Decreases blood potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

    <p>Control blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes the development of early axillary and pubic hair?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does somatostatin serve in the pancreas?

    <p>Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle action is associated with the adrenal hormone epinephrine?

    <p>Increase heart rate and blood flow to muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a function of insulin?

    <p>Increase glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of molecule released by the nervous system?

    <p>Neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the action of lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>Diffusing into the cell and binding to nuclear receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the duration of action for the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

    <p>Longer than the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can be targeted by the endocrine system?

    <p>Any cells throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic of water-soluble hormones?

    <p>Freely travel in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the binding of water-soluble hormones to their receptors typically initiate?

    <p>Activation of protein kinases via cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe exocrine glands?

    <p>They secrete hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of progesterone during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

    <p>To prepare the endometrium for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the uterine cycle does the stratum functionalis shed?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily inhibits the release of LH and FSH?

    <p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

    <p>It regrows due to high estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism prevents pregnancy in hormonal birth control methods?

    <p>Mimicking high progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the fertilization process as described?

    <p>Sperm swim from the vagina to the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which birth control method involves surgically cutting and tying the uterine tubes?

    <p>Tubal ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does estrogen have on the body, according to the provided content?

    <p>Increases protein anabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal action of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Releases cortisol and aldosterone to manage stress and fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cells found in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Chief and oxyphil cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contraction during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a principal action of Growth Hormone (GH)?

    <p>Stimulates tissue growth by increasing insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aldosterone primarily affect the body?

    <p>Increases reabsorption of salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by parafollicular cells and helps regulate calcium levels?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cortisol have on the body's immune system?

    <p>Decreases immune system response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing melatonin?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Stimulates sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Increase blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting lipogenesis in the body?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increases blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones primarily increases blood levels of sodium?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principal action does somatostatin have in the pancreas?

    <p>Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?

    <p>Increase blood pressure by controlling sodium and water levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cortisol play in the body's inflammation response?

    <p>Enhances anti-inflammatory protein expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the site of action for the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

    <p>The nervous system binds to receptors close to the site of release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lipid-soluble hormones primarily exert their effects on target cells?

    <p>By diffusing into cells and binding to nuclear receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of water-soluble hormones?

    <p>They are hydrophilic and travel freely through the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the binding of water-soluble hormones to their receptors on target cells?

    <p>They activate protein kinases through cAMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the time to onset of action between the nervous and endocrine systems?

    <p>Nervous system: milliseconds; Endocrine system: days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the duration of action of hormones in the endocrine system compare to that of the nervous system?

    <p>Hormones can act for longer periods compared to nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transport proteins for lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>They help lipid-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does insulin perform to impact body cells?

    <p>Increases facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is known to stimulate the proliferation of epithelial cells, neurons, and neuroglia?

    <p>Epidermal growth factor (EGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by reduced secretion of thyroid hormone leading to symptoms like depression and weight gain?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal action of Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)?

    <p>Stimulates proliferation of neuroglia and fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing's disease is associated with which of the following conditions?

    <p>Excess secretion of glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with Gigantism?

    <p>Overgrowth of hands, feet, and face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Nerve growth factor (NGF) primarily serve?

    <p>Stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes and endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an excess of thyroid hormone, leading to muscle weakness and heat intolerance?

    <p>Graves disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of supporting cells in the olfactory system?

    <p>To provide structural support in the nasal lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of papillae contain approximately 100-300 taste buds?

    <p>Vallate papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the eye is responsible for preventing the scattering of light rays?

    <p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the palpebral muscles control?

    <p>Movement of the eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the fungiform papillae primarily located?

    <p>Scattered over the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for carrying taste information from the posterior one-third of the tongue?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>To hold the lens in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor in the retina is specialized for bright light and color vision?

    <p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

    <p>It controls the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily produced by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cortisol have on the immune system?

    <p>It suppresses the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is primarily associated with Growth Hormone (GH)?

    <p>Stimulates protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the actions of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in females?

    <p>Promotes ovulation and progesterone secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Releases cortisol to manage stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>They are stimulated by TSH to produce T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is primarily responsible for the production of thymosin?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major function of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Increases reabsorption of salts and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secrete alkaline and viscous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the testes to produce testosterone?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the female reproductive system develops into the corpus luteum?

    <p>Empty follicle after ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of inhibin in males?

    <p>Regulates sperm production and reduces FSH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle does the oocyte mature?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Acts as a barrier to infections and dilates during labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathway of sperm in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Testes → Epididymis → Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the prostate gland?

    <p>Releases milky, slightly acidic fluid with citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterus is the inner lining, important for implantation and shedding during menstruation?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • Nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate body functions
    • Nervous system uses neurotransmitters delivered locally
    • Endocrine system uses hormones delivered throughout the blood
    • Endocrine system action is slower than nervous system action, typically seconds to days

    Endocrine vs Nervous System

    • Molecules: Nervous system uses neurotransmitters; Endocrine system uses hormones
    • Site of action: Nervous system acts close to release site; Endocrine system acts far from release site
    • Target cells: Nervous system targets muscle, gland and other neurons; Endocrine system targets any cell type
    • Time to onset of action: Nervous system acts within milliseconds; Endocrine system acts in seconds to hours or days
    • Duration of action: Nervous system acts briefly; Endocrine system acts longer

    Glands:

    • Glandular Epithelium: Single or multiple epithelial cells
    • Endocrine glands: Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid; Include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. Also include many other glands.
    • Exocrine glands: Secrete fluids into ducts that empty onto surface areas; Include sudoriferous, sebaceous, digestive and mucous glands, etc
    • Don't make hormones

    Hormone Classification and Mechanisms:

    • Lipid-soluble hormones (hydrophobic): Travel in blood using transport proteins, diffuse into cells, bind to nuclear receptors, altering gene expression
    • Water-soluble hormones (hydrophilic): Travel freely in blood, bind to G protein-coupled receptors on target cells, activate enzymes (e.g., adenylyl cyclase), creating second messengers (e.g., cAMP) to trigger cellular responses

    Function of Major Glands:

    • Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Work together to control other endocrine glands; connected by a stalk called the infundibulum
    • Thyroid: Butterfly-shaped gland that produces T3, T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin; Help regulate body temperature, protein synthesis, and energy use. Follicular cells produce thyroid hormones, and parafollicular cells produce calcitonin.
    • Parathyroid: Four small glands behind the thyroid; Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium homeostasis by increasing blood calcium levels. Chief cells produce PTH, oxyphil cells associated with it.
    • Adrenals: Located above kidneys; Secrete cortisol (stress hormones) regulating blood glucose and immune function, aldosterone (regulating mineral balance) and androgens (sex hormones). Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, increasing heart rate, blood pressure and preparing the body for physical activity.
    • Pineal: Attached to the thalamus; Secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
    • Thymus: Produces thymosin and regulates the maturation of immune T cells

    Reproductive Systems

    • Male: Scrotum, Testes, Epididymis, Seminal vesicles, Prostate, and Penis. Testes produce sperm and testosterone; Hormones like FSH, LH, and Testosterone regulate these processes.
    • Female: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Clitoris. Ovaries produce ova (eggs) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone to regulate the reproductive cycle. Also includes the Fallopian tubes.

    Hormone actions and uterine cycle

    • Hormones regulate menstruation and pregnancy
    • Folicular phase: FSH stimulates follicles; estrogen levels rise
    • Ovulation: LH surge triggers ovulation; release of an egg
    • Luteal phase: Follicle becomes corpus luteum, progesterone rises; if no pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone decreases
    • Uterine cycle: Menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases prepare for potential pregnancy. The cycle prepares the uterine lining for potential implantation of an embryo.

    Sensory Systems:

    • Sensory Pathways: Sensory signals convert into electrical signals that travel to the CNS
    • Stimulation: Any event that triggers a reaction in an organ or tissue
    • Transduction: Conversion of sensory signals into electrical signals
    • Sensation: Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the internal or external environment; Interpretation of signals by the CNS
    • Perception: Conscious interpretation of sensations, mainly by cerebral cortex

    Sensory Receptors:

    • Classification: Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, and Proprioceptors. These receptors detect different stimuli from external, internal and body position environment, respectively.
    • Types of Receptors: Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors
    • Examples: Hair follicles, Ruffini corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, joint kinesthetic receptors detect different stimuli from movement on the skin, pressure, pain, proprioception.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basic principles of the endocrine system, including its function alongside the nervous system. Participants will learn about the differences between neurotransmitters and hormones, as well as the various glands involved in hormone secretion. Test your understanding of how these systems regulate body functions.

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