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Questions and Answers
What hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation from the ovary?
What hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation from the ovary?
Which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex primarily regulates sodium absorption and water balance?
Which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex primarily regulates sodium absorption and water balance?
Which hormone is secreted in significant amounts during childbirth and nursing?
Which hormone is secreted in significant amounts during childbirth and nursing?
What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in the body?
What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in the body?
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What condition is characterized by the excretion of a large volume of urine?
What condition is characterized by the excretion of a large volume of urine?
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Which type of hormone acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?
Which type of hormone acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?
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What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?
What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?
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Which gland is not part of the endocrine system?
Which gland is not part of the endocrine system?
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Which hormone is responsible for regulating the adrenal gland's cortical portion?
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the adrenal gland's cortical portion?
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What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?
What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?
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Which type of stimulus activates endocrine organs when there are changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients?
Which type of stimulus activates endocrine organs when there are changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients?
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Which hormone is released by the stomach to signal hunger?
Which hormone is released by the stomach to signal hunger?
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What is the correct role of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What is the correct role of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Function
- Coordinates and integrates body activity through chemical signaling (hormones) produced by glands.
- Composed of glands and their secreted hormones.
Hormone Classification
- Endocrine: Released into the bloodstream, acting on distant target cells.
-
Local: Acts locally, without entering the bloodstream.
- Paracrine: Acts on neighboring cells.
- Autocrine: Acts on the secreting cell itself.
Hormone Types
- Steroid Hormones: Lipid-soluble.
-
Amino Acid-Based Hormones:
- Proteins
- Peptides
- Amines
Target Cells and Receptors
- Target Cells: Specific cells or tissues affected by a hormone.
- Receptors: Proteins on target cell membranes where hormones bind.
Stimuli for Endocrine Organs
- Hormonal: Stimulated by other hormones.
- Neural: Stimulated by nerve fibers.
- Humoral: Stimulated by changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients.
Glands: Endocrine vs. Exocrine
- Endocrine: Ductless glands releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine: Release products through ducts onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
Major Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis): Walnut-sized gland inferior to the hypothalamus.
- Thyroid Gland:
- Parathyroid Glands: Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid.
-
Adrenal Glands: Bean-shaped glands atop the kidneys.
- Adrenal Cortex: Outer layer.
- Adrenal Medulla: Inner layer.
- Pancreas: Dual function endocrine and exocrine gland.
- Pineal Gland:
- Thymus:
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
-
Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones: Stimulate release of other anterior pituitary hormones.
- GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
- TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
- GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
- PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone)
- CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)
-
Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormones: Inhibit release of other anterior pituitary hormones.
- GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone)
- PIH (Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones (Continued)
- Growth Hormone (GH): Converts amino acids to proteins.
- Ghrelin: Hormone signaling hunger.
- Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates and maintains milk production.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates adrenal cortex.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Regulates thyroid gland activity.
-
Gonadotropic Hormones: Regulate gonads.
- FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): Female: follicle development; Male: sperm development
- LH (Luteinizing Hormone): Female: ovulation; Male: testosterone production.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Oxytocin: Released significantly during childbirth and nursing.
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin: Prevents excessive urine production.
Posterior Pituitary Conditions
- Polyuria: Excessive urination.
- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst.
- Bedwetting: Incontinence in children.
- Dehydration: Loss of body water.
Pituicytes
- Neuroglia associated with axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons.
Thyroid Gland Hormones
- Thyroxine (T4): Regulates metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.
- Triiodothyronine (T3): More potent form of thyroid hormone.
- Calcitonin: Regulates calcium homeostasis.
Parathyroid Gland Hormone
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Key regulator of blood calcium.
Adrenal Gland Hormones
- Mineralocorticoids: Regulate mineral balance (e.g., sodium, potassium) in the blood.
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Description
Explore the key functions and classifications of hormones in the endocrine system. Learn about the types of hormones, their target cells, and the stimuli that regulate endocrine organs. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how hormones coordinate and integrate bodily functions.
