Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

How does the endocrine system act on the body?

  • Through a combination of both electrical impulses and chemical messengers
  • Through chemical messengers called hormones (correct)
  • Through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

  • Muscle contraction (correct)
  • Regulation of body activities
  • Coordination of functioning between different organs
  • Influence on growth and development

    • The endocrine system coordinates functioning between different organs through ___.

  • neurotransmitters
  • hormones (correct)
  • electrical impulses

    • The endocrine system's effects are typically of short duration, measured in seconds and localized.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of hormones?

    <p>peptides, steroids, and amino acid derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex that can be thought of as the "command center" of the endocrine system?

    <p>hypothalamus-pituitary complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Hypothalamus = A bean-sized organ that controls the production and secretion of many hormones Pituitary gland = Secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands Anterior pituitary = A structure of the diencephalon of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus Posterior pituitary = It is actually an extension of the neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus Hypophyseal portal system = A bridge of capillaries that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary Growth hormone = Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Insulin = Lowers blood glucose when levels get too high Glucagon = Increases blood glucose when levels get too low Thyroid gland = A large, unpaired gland located in the neck below and lateral to the thyroid cartilage Parathyroid glands = Usually four in number and are small, ovoid, yellowish structures on the deep surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that regulates mineral balance?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main hormones secreted by the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland is a paired gland located in the neck.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parathyroid glands are typically four in number, are small, and located on the anterior surface of the thyroid gland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where the body produces insufficient growth hormone?

    <p>Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two syndromes of excessive secretion of growth hormone?

    <p>Gigantism and Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where there is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that is typically located in the adrenal cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the duct that joins the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

    <p>common bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The testes are located within the pelvis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that is produced by the testes and stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ovaries are located on the anterior surface of the uterus

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the ovaries?

    <p>Production of sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • The endocrine system works with the nervous system to regulate body functions.
    • The nervous system uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters for rapid, localized effects (seconds).
    • The endocrine system uses hormones to influence growth, development, and metabolism; effects last longer (minutes to weeks).

    Endocrine Glands vs. Exocrine Glands

    • Exocrine glands have ducts that carry secretions to the body surface or cavities.
    • Examples include tear glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands.
    • Endocrine glands lack ducts and release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
    • Examples include glands that produce hormones for blood sugar regulation.

    Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex

    • This is the "command center", regulating other endocrine glands' hormone production.
    • The hypothalamus is a brain region; the pituitary is a gland connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
    • The pituitary has two lobes (anterior and posterior), with different origins and functions.
    • The anterior pituitary is a glandular tissue, regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system (network of blood vessels).
    • The posterior pituitary is neural tissue, storing and releasing hormones made in the hypothalamus; Oxytocin and ADH.

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • Hormones from the anterior pituitary target different organs with specific effects.
    • Growth hormone (GH) affects growth.
    • Prolactin stimulates milk production.
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets the adrenal cortex.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid.
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) target the reproductive system.

    Posterior Pituitary Hormones

    • The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus, namely:
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance.
    • Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions and milk production.

    Pituitary Lesions

    • Hypersecretion (hyperpituitarism) often results in selective excess of hormones, like growth hormone.
    • Hyposecretion (hypopituitarism) can be selective or generalized.

    Gigantism and Acromegaly

    • Excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion.
    • Gigantism in childhood, before epiphyseal closure affects overall bone and height growth.
    • Acromegaly in adults, after epiphyseal closure affects soft tissue growth and bone thickening.

    Growth Hormone Deficiency

    • Insufficient growth hormone production resulting in stunted growth in children and delayed puberty.

    Galactorrhea

    • Inappropriate lactation (milk production).
      • Often linked to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.

    Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)

    • Overproduction of thyroid hormones.
    • Symptoms mimic adrenergic excess.
    • Common causes: Graves disease, thyroiditis.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Underproduction of thyroid hormones.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, and slowed metabolism.

    Cretinism

    • Congenital hypothyroidism, causing severe physical and mental retardation, typically diagnosed during infant screening.

    Parathyroid Glands

    • Regulate calcium levels in the blood.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium.
    • Calcium is crucial to many body processes.

    Simple Non-Toxic Goiter

    • Enlargement of the thyroid gland without a functional problem.
    • Often due to iodine deficiency, but not always.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Located atop the kidneys.
    • Adrenal cortex releases steroid hormones (cortisol, aldosterone). -Cortisol regulates glucose metabolism.
      • Aldosterone regulates mineral balance
    • Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, stress hormones.

    Pheochromocytoma

    • Adrenal medulla tumor, secreting excess catecholamines, causing extreme hypertension.

    Pancreas

    • A mixed gland: exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin and glucagon).
    • Exocrine function involves acinar cells secreting digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct.
    • Endocrine function involves pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

    Testes

    • Male gonads responsible for producing sperm and androgens (testosterone)

    Ovaries

    • Female gonads, producing eggs and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

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    Endocrine System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the endocrine system and its interplay with the nervous system. This quiz covers key concepts such as the distinctions between endocrine and exocrine glands, as well as the vital role of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex. Test your knowledge on how hormones affect various bodily functions.

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