Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is produced by the ultimobranchial body to lower calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?

  • Calcitonin (correct)
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Aldosterone

What condition can result from an under-active thyroid?

  • Cretinism (correct)
  • Brittle bone disease
  • Grave's disease
  • Hyperthyroidism

Which hormone secreted by the parathyroid raises calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?

  • Aldosterone
  • Androgens
  • Calcitonin
  • Parathyroid hormone (correct)

What is one of the main functions of aldosterone?

<p>Water and sodium retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of steroid abuse?

<p>Increased fertility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the adrenal cortex primarily produce?

<p>Corticosteroids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can parathyroid hormone have on the kidneys?

<p>Increase calcium retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is associated with hyperthyroidism?

<p>Rapid metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does renin affect the body?

<p>Elevates blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does melatonin have on the body?

<p>Induces sleepiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormones in the endocrine system?

<p>To act as chemical messengers targeting specific tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

<p>Raises blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the same hormone produce different effects in male and female organisms?

<p>Variations in receptor presence and sensitivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary gland is an important link between which two systems?

<p>Nervous and endocrine systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with under-active thyroid function?

<p>Cretinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)?

<p>Stimulate red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is essential for proper thyroid hormone function?

<p>Iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrointestinal tract produces hormones primarily for what purpose?

<p>Affecting and coordinating digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of metabolism is affected by thyroid hormones?

<p>Oxygen consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function related to thyroid hormones?

<p>Controlling blood sugar levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of endocrine disruptors on the body?

<p>Mimic or block hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was discovered in the smallmouth bass fish in the Potomac River?

<p>High numbers of intersex fish (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention in the body?

<p>Vasopressin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common source of endocrine disruptors in the environment?

<p>Residues of pesticides in agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does progesterone play after ovulation?

<p>Prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region feeds into the Potomac River as per the USGS findings?

<p>Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are classified as gonadotropins?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone and Lutenizing hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fruit consumed in the EU is reported to be contaminated with endocrine disruptors?

<p>More than one-third (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable consequence of castration in male animals?

<p>Enhanced meat quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do researchers face when studying endocrine disruptors?

<p>Difficulty in identifying and monitoring them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones function as chemical messengers in the body?

<p>They bind to cell receptors on cell walls or enter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential health issues can result from exposure to endocrine disruptors?

<p>Birth defects and reproductive irregularities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does testosterone have on male development?

<p>Directs development down the male pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the gonads?

<p>FSH promotes the growth of ova and sperm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit contains some of the highest levels of endocrine disruptors found in the EU?

<p>Oranges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of hormones regarding their concentration in the body?

<p>They operate effectively in very small concentrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hormones mentioned in the content?

<p>They can stimulate or inhibit responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were found in several tributaries of the Potomac River according to the study?

<p>Endocrine disrupters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential effects do endocrine disruptors have on fish?

<p>They can lead to reproductive irregularities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of EU fruit is reported to be contaminated with endocrine disruptors?

<p>More than one-third (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the US Geological Survey (USGS) study related to the Potomac River?

<p>High numbers of intersex fish were discovered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of endocrine disruptors mentioned in the content?

<p>Pesticides used in agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemicals are the contaminants in the Potomac River considered?

<p>Endocrine disrupters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about endocrine disruptors is false?

<p>They have no effect on reproductive health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine Glands

Glands throughout the body that produce and release hormones into the circulatory system.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that bind to cell receptors or enter cells to affect them. They are present in incredibly small amounts.

Target Tissues

Specific organs or cells with receptors for specific hormones.

Thyroid Hormones

Hormones (T3 and T4) produced by the thyroid gland, affecting metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

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Thyroid gland origin

An outgrowth from the pharynx, similar to the endostyle of protochordates.

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Thyroid function

Affects metabolism, growth, and development (including molting and metamorphosis).

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Iodine's role in thyroid

Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone production.

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Pituitary Gland's role with thyroid

The pituitary gland releases hormones to stimulate the thyroid to produce its hormones.

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Epinephrine function

Prepares the body for short-term challenges or threats (fight-or-flight response).

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Insulin's role

Lowers blood sugar (glucose) levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells; stops the liver from breaking down glycogen to glucose.

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Glucagon's action

Raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release glycogen.

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Melatonin's function

Regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal/reproductive cycles.Released when light is low.

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Renin's effect

Elevates blood pressure via vasoconstriction.

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Erythropoietin (EPO) function

Stimulates red blood cell production.

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Pituitary Gland Function

Master endocrine gland; controls other hormones via hormones and nerves. Located at the base of the brain

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Pancreas' dual function

Secretes both digestive enzymes (exocrine) and hormones for blood sugar regulation (endocrine).

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Thyroid Hormone Effect on Growth

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Underactive thyroid can cause stunted growth (cretinism). Overactive thyroid can lead to Grave's disease.

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Calcitonin's Action

Calcitonin, a hormone produced by the ultimobranchial body, lowers calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, and promotes bone deposition.

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Parathyroid Hormone's role

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. It targets the kidneys to retain calcium and the intestines to absorb more.

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Adrenal Gland Location

Adrenal glands are typically near the kidneys, though their precise placement varies across species. They have two parts: the cortex (derived from splanchnic mesoderm) and the medulla (derived from neural crest cells).

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Adrenal Gland Hormone Types

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, often categorized as 'salt, sugar, sex' hormones. Examples include aldosterone (kidneys), glucocorticoids (carbohydrate metabolism), and androgens (protein synthesis).

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Aldosterone's Function

Aldosterone, a type of steroid hormone, influences water and sodium retention in the kidneys.

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Glucocorticoids' Impact

Glucocorticoids affect carbohydrate metabolism and blood sugar levels, particularly between meals.

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Adrenal-related Steroid Abuse

Steroid abuse can lead to many negative health effects, affecting growth, kidneys, liver, heart, mood, and fertility .

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Endocrine Disruptors

Chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system, mimicking or blocking hormones. They can be naturally occurring or man-made.

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Endocrine Disruptor Effects

Interference with hormone function can cause a variety of problems, including birth defects and reproductive irregularities.

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Endocrine Disruptor Sources

Hormones are stable and effective in small doses, making them a potential threat even at low concentrations.

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Endocrine Disruptor Contamination

They can be found in various environments, including rivers and streams.

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How do endocrine disruptors affect the body?

They can either mimic or block the actions of hormones in the body, leading to disruptions in normal processes.

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What are the consequences of endocrine disruption?

Endocrine disruption can lead to a variety of consequences, including birth defects and reproductive problems.

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Why are endocrine disruptors concerning?

They're potent even in small doses, can spread through the environment, and have long-lasting effects.

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What can be done about endocrine disruptors?

Awareness, regulation, and responsible use of chemicals can help reduce their impact on the environment and human health.

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Intersex Fish

Fish exhibiting both male and female characteristics due to the presence of endocrine disruptors.

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Endocrine System

A network of glands that produce and release hormones, regulating various body functions like metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

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Potomac River Contamination

The Potomac River was found to contain endocrine disruptors, posing a threat to the health of the river's ecosystem.

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EU Fruit Contamination

Over a third of fruit consumed in the EU is contaminated with residues of endocrine-disrupting pesticides.

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Pituitary Hormones

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (hypophysis), including growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. Many of these hormones influence other glands.

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Gonadotropins

Hormones that regulate the function of the gonads (testes and ovaries). These include follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Estrogen and Progesterone

Hormones produced by the ovaries. Estrogen prepares the uterus for pregnancy while Progesterone further prepares the uterus and initiates maternal behavior.

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Testosterone

Hormone produced by the testes. It promotes sperm production and directs male development, including secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair.

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Castration

Removal of the testes, often done in domestic animals for meat or work purposes. It can also be used on human males for medical or social reasons.

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Castrati

Historically, human males who were castrated before puberty, resulting in a distinct voice and body form. They were famous singers in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Hormone Receptors

Specific proteins on the surface or inside of cells that bind to hormones, triggering a biological response.

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Hormone Concentration

The amount of a hormone in a particular volume of fluid, such as blood. Small amounts are usually effective.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Components

  • Endocrine glands are located throughout the body.
  • They are not linked embryologically but are linked functionally.
  • Endocrine glands produce and release hormones into the circulatory system.
  • Exocrine glands have their own ducts, such as salivary and pancreatic glands.

Hormones

  • Hormones are chemical messengers.
  • They bind to cell receptors on cell walls or internal receptors in cells.
  • Hormone concentrations are very low, typically 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻¹² molar.
  • The stability of hormones is important.
  • Hormones can be lost through combination with receptors or excretion.
  • Hormones can stimulate or inhibit responses.
  • Hormones are targeted, act in small doses, and are stable.

Target Tissues

  • Most hormones affect specific organs.
  • Target cells have specific receptors to which hormones bind.
  • Hormone effects can vary with different stages of development (ontogeny) or gender.
  • Hormone effects differ based on the presence or absence of certain receptors.

Endocrine System Glands

  • Hypothalamus: Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, wakefulness, and many involuntary mechanisms, including body temperature.
  • Pituitary gland: Controls other endocrine glands, influences growth, metabolism, and regeneration.
  • Thyroid glands: Regulate energy and metabolism.
  • Parathyroid glands: Secrete hormones necessary for calcium absorption.
  • Thymus: Helps build resistance to disease.
  • Adrenal glands: Secrete compounds like cortisone and adrenaline, which help with emergencies and regulate metabolic processes, water balance, blood pressure, etc.
  • Pancreas: Aids digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates; produces insulin to control blood sugar.
  • Ovaries: Influence blood circulation, mental vigor, and sex drive in females.
  • Testes: Similar functions as ovaries in males. Influence blood circulation, mental vigor, and sex drive in males.
  • Pineal gland: Responsible for melatonin secretion, which regulates sleepiness, seasonal cycles, daily cycles (circadian), and reproductive cycles.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism converts nutrients into energy and building materials for the body's needs.

Thyroid

  • Outgrowth of the pharynx.
  • Homologous to the endostyle of protochordates.
  • Hormones: T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine).
  • Found in all vertebrates.
  • Iodine-bearing (dietary iodine is important).
  • Pituitary gland releases hormones to activate the thyroid.
  • Affects metabolism, growth, processes like molting, and reproduction.

Ultimobranchial Body & Parathyroid

  • Outgrowths of the pharynx.
  • Hormones: Calcitonin (lowers [Ca²⁺] and [P] in blood; stimulates bone deposition) and Parathormone (raises [Ca²⁺] and [P]; stimulates bone resorption).
  • Important roles include structure formation (like eggshells, bone, antlers), normal bone maintenance, and muscle function .

Adrenal Gland

  • Located near the kidneys.
  • Components are cortex and medulla.
  • Hormones: steroids like "salt, sugar, sex" (corticosteroids), widely varying.
  • Important functions include affecting kidneys and water/Na retention, carbohydrate metabolism, blood sugar, and protein synthesis/muscle growth.

Pancreas

  • Outgrowth of the primitive gut.
  • Exocrine and endocrine functions.
  • Endocrine function includes insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar).
  • Involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

Pineal Gland

  • Dorsal evagination of the midbrain, part of median eye complex.
  • Light-sensitive.
  • Hormone: Melatonin (regulates sleep, seasonal, daily, and reproductive cycles).

Gastrointestinal Tract

  • Produces hormones that affect and coordinate digestion.
  • Includes various feedback loops.

Kidney

  • Two hormones: Renin (elevates blood pressure) and erythropoietin (EPO) (stimulates red blood cell production).

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

  • Small gland at the base of the brain (sella turcica).
  • Two parts (neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis).
  • These parts are connected and coordinated by nerves and hormones.
  • Produces various hormones influencing many bodily functions.

Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

  • Influenced by pituitary hormones (FSH and LH).
  • Ovaries: Produce estrogen (preparing the uterus, supporting maternal behavior) and progesterone (supporting the prepared uterus).
  • Testes: Produce testosterone (sperm production, develops male traits).

Hormone Pollutants

  • Hormones are stable and act in small doses.
  • The precise consequences and complex chemistry are important considerations.
  • Endocrine disruptors (mimics or blocks hormones) interfere with the endocrine system, causing birth defects and reproductive irregularities and present in some everyday chemicals found in various everyday objects and foods.

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Description

This quiz covers the components of the endocrine system, including the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. It delves into the role of hormones as chemical messengers, their stability, and how they interact with target tissues. Test your knowledge on how hormones function in the body and their effects across different stages of development.

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