Endocrine System Overview

The endocrine system is composed of ductless glands that synthesize and secrete chemical messengers called ______.

Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal equilibrium, also known as ______, by regulating various factors such as blood solute concentrations, blood volume, and cellular concentration.

Unlike exocrine glands, endocrine glands do not utilize ducts; instead, hormones are released into the ______ fluid and subsequently enter the bloodstream.

The ______ stimulation of hormone release occurs when a gland cell releases its hormone in response to another hormone binding to it, showcasing a cascading effect within the endocrine system.

The hypothalamus, skin, thymus, heart, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, adipose connective tissue, kidneys, and gonads are examples of organs with another primary function that also contain endocrine cells in ______.

The majority (99%) of a lipid-soluble hormone in the bloodstream is in a ______ state, which limits its immediate availability to target tissues.

Unlike most biogenic amines, which are water-soluble, ______ hormone is lipid-soluble and requires a carrier protein for transport in the blood.

The concentration of a circulating hormone in the blood is inversely related to its ______ rate.

The time required to reduce a hormone's blood concentration to half of its initial level is referred to as its ______, which tends to be relatively long for steroid hormones.

Eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, are derived from ______ acid, which is released from the plasma membrane.

Water-soluble hormones employ ______ receptors due to their inability to directly diffuse through the cell membrane.

In a signal transduction pathway, the initial event involves a first messenger binding to a receptor, subsequently activating a ______ through the exchange of GDP for GTP.

Following the activation of a membrane enzyme by a G-protein, the activated enzyme catalyzes the formation of a ______ messenger, which then modifies cellular activity.

In the liver, cortisol stimulates the processes of ______ and gluconeogenesis, while simultaneously inhibiting glycogen synthesis.

Corticosteroids are administered to manage inflammation by targeting inflammatory agents and ______ the immune system.

The actions of water-soluble hormones include the activation or inhibition of enzymatic pathways, promoting growth through cellular division, facilitating the release of cellular secretions, altering membrane permeability, and modulating ______ contraction or relaxation.

The activation of a G-protein results in the binding of ______ instead of GDP, which subsequently leads to the activation of a membrane enzyme.

The increased risk of infection associated with high doses of corticosteroids is an adverse effect resulting from the drug's impact on the ______ system.

In the thyroid gland, the process of ______ involves the follicular cells taking up iodinated thyroglobulin.

Within adipose tissue, cortisol promotes ______ while simultaneously diminishing lipogenesis.

In the context of algorithmic complexity, the notation ______ provides an asymptotic upper bound, representing the worst-case scenario for an algorithm's resource usage.

The phenomenon where a trained machine learning model performs poorly on new, unseen data is known as ______, indicating a failure to generalize beyond the training set.

In the realm of quantum computing, ______ refers to the principle that allows a quantum bit to exist in multiple states simultaneously, representing a linear combination of 0 and 1.

The central processing unit (CPU) executes instructions through a cycle known as the ______ cycle, which involves fetching, decoding, executing, and writing back instructions.

In the context of relational databases, a ______ ensures data integrity by preventing duplicate values in a column and enforcing uniqueness across the table.

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte levels are known as ______.

The zona glomerulosa is responsible for producing ______, which fosters sodium retention and potassium secretion in the kidneys.

The adrenal cortex releases ______ in response to stress, which increases blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex primarily synthesizes ______, which influences glucose metabolism and the body's response to stress.

The production of cortisol is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-______ axis, which involves a negative feedback loop.

The hypothalamus responds to low cortisol levels and stress by releasing ______, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.

ACTH, released by the anterior pituitary, targets the ______ cortex to stimulate the release of cortisol and other hormones.

In a negative feedback loop, elevated cortisol levels inhibit the release of CRH and ______, helping to maintain hormonal balance.

During the stage of ______ in the stress response, the adrenal gland secretes cortisol to help meet energy demands after glycogen stores have been depleted.

The pancreatic ______, which comprise the majority of the pancreas, produce exocrine secretions vital for digestion.

Within the pancreatic islets, ______ cells are responsible for the production and secretion of insulin, which helps lower blood glucose levels.

Maintaining blood glucose levels within the range of 70 to 110 mg/dL is crucial; chronically elevated levels can cause damage particularly to the blood vessels and ______.

In the final stage of the stress response, known as the stage of ______, the body may begin to break down proteins for energy after fat stores are depleted, which can ultimately lead to illness.

In a(n) ______ interaction, one hormone reinforces the activity of another, such as the combined effects of estrogen and progesterone on a target cell.

For oxytocin to exert its milk ejection effect, the mammary glands must first be primed by prolactin's milk generating effect; this is an example of a(n) ______ interaction.

Hormones that have ______ effects, such as glucagon increasing blood glucose levels while insulin lowers them, play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis by creating opposing physiological responses.

The ______ synthesizes and releases regulatory hormones like Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which then influences the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.

While the posterior pituitary does not synthesize its own hormones, it stores and releases hormones like ______ and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that are produced by the hypothalamus.

The dispersed proteins within blood plasma exert a force known as ______ osmotic pressure, which plays a crucial role in maintaining blood volume and blood pressure by preventing fluid loss from the blood as it circulates through capillaries.

[Blank], the most abundant group of plasma proteins, not only contribute significantly to colloid osmotic pressure but also act as carrier proteins, binding and transporting various hormones, ions, and lipids throughout the body.

Comprising a significant portion of plasma proteins, ______ are further categorized into smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins, each playing distinct roles in transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as contributing to the immune response through opsonization.

The ______ is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and removing carbon dioxide and waste.

Following trauma, ______, a plasma protein constituting approximately 4% of the total protein content, undergoes a transformation into insoluble strands, creating a network that forms the structural basis of a blood clot.

Serum, derived from plasma, is distinguished by the absence of ______ proteins, making it a valuable resource for diagnostic testing, particularly in assessing immune system function and detecting antibodies specific to various infectious agents.

The ______ encircles the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles, marking a key anatomical division.

The ______ and bicuspid valves are critical for preventing the backflow of blood within the heart.

The ______ and visceral pericardium provide a protective barrier around the heart, safeguarding it from external forces.

______ muscles and chordae tendineae work together to prevent the valves from inverting and ensuring proper valve closure.

Endocrine System

Hormones

Endocrine System Functions

Major Endocrine Glands

Stimulation of Hormone Release

Water-soluble hormones

Signal transduction pathway

First messenger

Second messenger

Actions of water-soluble hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones

Biogenic amines

Hormone elimination

Half-life (hormones)

Characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones

Synergistic Hormone Interaction

Permissive Hormone Interaction

Antagonistic Hormone Interaction

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System

Posterior Pituitary

Cortisol's Effect on Blood Nutrients

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Cushing Syndrome

Corticosteroid Effects

Adrenal Gland Location

Mineralocorticoids Function

Glucocorticoids Function

Gonadocorticoids

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

Cortisol Release Regulation

Alarm Reaction

Stage of Resistance

Stage of Exhaustion

Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Glucagon

Heart Functions

Pituitary Gland Location

Pineal Gland

Heart Chambers

Thyroid Gland Location

Coronary Sulcus

Parathyroid Glands

Heart Valves

Heart Protection

Blood Plasma

Plasma Proteins

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen