173 Questions
Which type of molecules control and coordinate the body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood?
Endogenous hormones
What is the primary function of drugs that act as agonists?
To produce a response similar to natural hormones by binding to receptors
What is the role of antagonists in the pharmacologic action of endocrine drugs?
They block the binding of agonists at the receptor without triggering signaling events
Which gland plays a key role in mediating the control of metabolism, growth, and reproduction through a combination of neural and endocrine systems?
Pituitary gland
What term is used for the condition where there is deficient production of one or more hormones by the pituitary gland?
Hypopituitarism
Which of the following describes the function of the portal venous system in the endocrine system?
Transporting regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
What is the role of releasing hormones in the endocrine system?
Stimulating anterior pituitary cells to produce their corresponding hormones
Which of the following is a function of posterior pituitary hormones?
Stimulating uterine contractions and milk ejection
In endocrine drug therapy, what is the purpose of hormone replacement?
Treating hypofunctioning diseases
In the context of endocrine drugs, what is the role of antagonists?
Treating diseases caused by excess production of hormones
What is the principal hormone responsible for lactation?
Prolactin
Which hormone suppresses prolactin release effectively in patients with hyperprolactinemia?
Dopamine agonists
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH in a dose-dependent manner?
GnRH receptor antagonists
Which synthetic decapetide has the longest duration of action?
Cabergoline
What is the principal hormone responsible for stimulating milk production when appropriate levels of estrogens, progestins, corticosteroids, and insulin are present?
Prolactin
What is the potential impact of LH and FSH deficiency in males?
Delayed puberty, micropenis, undescended testis
Which hormone deficiency causes symptoms like inability to lactate, vaginal dryness, and decreased libido?
Oxytocin
What is the main cause of hypopituitarism?
Tumors
Which hormone is typically used as a treatment and has a 191-amino-acid sequence that is identical with the predominant native form of human GH?
Somatropin
What are the potential consequences of TSH deficiency?
Low T4 and T3 – short stature, mental retardation, fatigue, weight gain
Which of the following best describes a target cell in the context of hormone action?
A cell that has receptors for a specific hormone
In the context of endocrine drugs, what is the function of an agonist?
It mimics the action of a natural hormone
Which of the following is an example of a hormone antagonist?
A substance that blocks the receptors for a specific hormone
In the context of pharmacologic action, how do most hormones affect target cells?
They bind to and activate receptors on target cells
Which of the following hormones is primarily associated with conditions like hyperpituitarism or hypopituitarism?
Prolactin
Which type of cell is influenced directly by a hormone due to the presence of functional receptors for that hormone?
Target cell
What is the main determinant for whether a cell can be influenced directly by a hormone?
The presence of functional hormone receptors on the cell
In the context of hormone action, where are hormone receptors found?
Outside or inside the cell depending on the type of hormone
Which term describes cells that are affected by a specific hormone due to the presence of functional hormone receptors?
Hormone-responsive cells
What is the fundamental characteristic of a target cell in the context of hormone action?
It responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone
Which term best describes cells affected by a limited number of hormones due to the presence of specific receptors?
Target cells
Which hormone deficiency from the pituitary gland can lead to adrenal crisis, characterized by hypotension, vomiting, low blood sugar, and shock?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the clinical indication for the use of somatropin?
Short stature in children
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypopituitarism?
Genetic mutations
What is the pharmacological application of drugs that act as agonists of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones?
To mimic the action of endogenous hormones
In the context of hyperpituitarism, what is a potential clinical indication for the use of somatostatin?
Excessive growth hormone secretion
What is a potential consequence of vasopressin (ADH) deficiency in the body?
Polyuria and hypotension
Which complication of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is most likely to require hospitalization and intensive care?
Pulmonary edema
What is the half-life range of LH and hCG when administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly?
15-30 hours
Which gonadotropin contains both LH and FSH and was first extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women in the 1960s?
Urofollitropin
What is the source of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is then extracted and purified from urine?
Human placenta
What is the estimated risk of multiple pregnancies during ovulation induction with gonadotropins like LH and FSH?
3-5%
What is the primary function of the portal venous system in the context of the endocrine system?
To transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
In childhood, what levels are normally low in relation to endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
GNRH levels
In the pharmacologic action of endocrine drugs, what is the primary function of antagonists?
To inhibit the production of hormones in hyperfunctioning disorders
What is the area of application for drugs that regulate normal endocrine function to achieve a desired effect?
Antagonists of diseases caused by excess production of hormones
What is the main role of releasing hormones in the endocrine system?
To stimulate anterior pituitary cells to produce their corresponding hormones
What is the potential toxicity associated with excessive posterior pituitary hormone secretion?
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
In endocrine drug therapy, what is the role of releasing hormones in relation to diagnostic tools for identifying endocrine abnormalities?
To assist in identifying endocrine abnormalities through their absence or excess
What is the primary function of drugs that act as antagonists in the context of hormone action?
They block the activities of endogenous hormones that contribute to biologic effects.
What characterizes natural hormones or endogenous hormones in terms of their interaction with receptors?
They can have dramatically different potencies when binding to the same receptor.
In the context of pharmacologic action, what is the main function of drugs that act as agonists?
To bind to the receptor and produce a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor.
What is a common characteristic of drugs that are agonists in terms of their impact on target cells?
They can have dramatically different potencies when binding to the same receptor.
What is the role of drugs that act as antagonists in the pharmacologic action of endocrine drugs?
To block binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signaling events.
What is the primary function of natural hormones or endogenous hormones?
To mediate all the post receptor events that lead to a biologic effect.
What is the source of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as mentioned in the text?
Extracted from the human placenta
Which hormone, used for stimulation of follicle development in women, is extracted from urine of postmenopausal women?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the primary form of administration for LH and hCG, as mentioned in the text?
Intramuscular or subcutaneous
What is the primary function of PEGVISOMANT in relation to growth hormone?
Blocks the action of growth hormone
Which of the following hormones is a commercial gonadotropin containing both LH and FSH, extracted from urine of postmenopausal women?
Urofollitropin
What is the primary medical therapy for prostate cancer?
GnRH agonists
What is the primary function of degarelix and abarelix in the context of advanced prostate cancer?
Reduce concentrations of gonadotropins and androgens
For which condition is combined antiandrogen therapy with continuous GnRH agonist and an androgen receptor antagonist as effective as surgical castration?
Advanced breast cancer
What is the clinical indication for the use of degarelix and abarelix in the context of advanced prostate cancer?
Reduce serum testosterone concentration
What is the effect of GnRH agonists on leiomyomas after cessation of treatment?
Gradual recurrent growth to previous size within several months
What are the potential consequences of vasopressin (ADH) deficiency?
Polyuria and hypotension
Which hormone deficiency from the pituitary gland can lead to adrenal crisis, characterized by hypotension, vomiting, low blood sugar, and shock?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency
What is the primary function of somatostatin?
Inhibiting GH release
What potential symptom can be associated with oxytocin deficiency?
Vaginal dryness
What is the main cause of hypopituitarism?
Tumors
What is the primary mechanism of action of agonistic GnRH analogues?
Induction of gonadotropin hypersecretion followed by desensitization
Which hormone is primarily associated with conditions like hyperpituitarism or hypopituitarism?
LH
What is the clinical indication for the use of somatostatin?
Suppression of gonadotropin production
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH in a dose-dependent manner?
Somatostatin
What is the primary function of lanreotide in the context of endocrine drugs?
Suppression of gonadotropin production
What is the primary function of growth hormone antagonists?
Inhibit the action of growth hormone in the body
In which condition is the use of pegvisomant most likely indicated?
Acromegaly with inadequate response to other therapies
What is the mechanism of action of somatostatin analogs like lanreotide and octreotide?
Inhibit the release of FSH and LH
What is the clinical indication for the use of menotropins or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG)?
Controlled ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology procedures
What is the primary role of urofollitropin and lutropin alfa?
Stimulation of ovarian follicle development
What is the mechanism of action of somatostatin analogs like lanreotide and octreotide?
Inhibiting the release of GH, TSH, insulin, and glucagon
What is the function of pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly?
Blocking the action of GH by binding to its receptors
Which hormone is targeted by octreotide in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors such as acromegaly and carcinoid syndrome?
Growth hormone (GH)
What is the primary site of action for gonadotropins like menotropins or human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and urofollitropin?
Ovaries
Which hormone is commonly replaced in ovulation induction therapy using gonadotropins like luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which hormone is primarily responsible for lactation?
Prolactin
What is the main function of lanreotide and octreotide?
Inhibiting growth hormone release
What is the primary purpose of Pegvisomant?
Inhibiting growth hormone action
What is the mechanism of action of Ganirelix, Cetrorelix, Abarelix, and Degarelix?
Inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH
What is the function of Quinagolide in relation to FSH and LH?
Suppresses FSH and LH release
Which synthetic decapetide has the longest duration of action?
Degarelix
What are the clinical indications for the use of Menotropins or Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG)?
Inducing ovulation
What are the potential effects of dopamine agonists on prolactin release?
Suppress prolactin release
What is the primary form of administration for Pregnyl?
Intramuscular injection
What is the primary function of GnRH in the endocrine system?
Causing the pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropins
What is the main function of GnRH receptor antagonists?
Inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH
Which synthetic decapetide has the longest duration of action?
Goserelin
What is the potential toxicity associated with excessive posterior pituitary hormone secretion?
Hyponatremia
What characterizes the mechanism of action of dopamine agonists like bromocriptine and cabergoline?
Inhibiting prolactin release
What is the primary mechanism of action of agonistic GnRH analogues?
Inducing a flare-up of gonadotropin secretion followed by pituitary desensitization
Which hormone is a decapeptide found in all mammals and is involved in the stimulation of female infertility, male infertility, and diagnosis of delayed puberty?
Gonadorelin
In the context of GnRH clinical indications, what is the primary function of synthetic agonists?
Controlled ovarian stimulation
What is the primary clinical indication for the suppression of gonadotropin production using synthetic human GnRH?
Endometriosis
Which hormone binds to specific G protein coupled receptors in the pituitary, thereby stimulating gonadotropin secretion and synthesis?
Gonadorelin
What is the primary medical therapy for prostate cancer?
GnRH agonists
Which drug combination is as effective as surgical castration in reducing serum testosterone concentration?
GnRH agonist and androgen receptor antagonist
Which drug is used for the preoperative treatment of uterine leiomyomas?
GnRH agonists
What is the primary effect of GnRH agonists on leiomyomas after cessation of treatment?
Gradual recurrent growth to previous size
Which drug is the primary medical treatment for central precocious puberty?
GnRH agonists
What is the primary function of prolactin?
Regulating lactation
Which hormone suppresses prolactin release effectively in patients with hyperprolactinemia?
Quinagolide
Which medication has the longest duration of action among the dopamine agonists mentioned in the text?
Cabergoline
What is the mode of administration for synthetic decapetides such as Ganirelix, Cetrorelix, Abarelix, and Degarelix?
Subcutaneous injection
Which hormone is primarily associated with the stimulation of milk production?
Prolactin
Which hormone is targeted by dopamine agonists in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia?
Prolactin
What is the primary function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists?
To inhibit the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which synthetic decapetide has a half-life of approximately 5 minutes when administered intramuscularly?
Gonadorelin
For which clinical indication is the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs indicated?
Stimulation of follicle development in women
What is the main mechanism of action of dopamine agonists in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia?
Inhibition of prolactin synthesis and secretion
What is the primary mechanism of action of GnRH analogs like goserelin and leuprolide?
Abolishing exposure to cyclical changes in estrogen and progesterone
What is the effect of treatment with a GnRH agonist on uterine leiomyomata/fibroids?
Reducing fibroid size
What is the duration of clinical uses for the treatment with a GnRH agonist in the context of uterine leiomyomata/fibroids?
3–6 months for reducing fibroid size
What is the primary function of Nafarelin, a GnRH agonist, when administered as a nasal spray?
Preventing cyclical changes
What is the effect of GnRH analogs like histrelin and triptorelin on the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone?
Abolishing exposure to cyclical changes
What is the primary function of GROWTH HORMONE ANTAGONISTS?
Inhibit the production of growth hormone
What is the mechanism of action of PEGVISOMANT in the treatment of acromegaly?
Blocking the growth hormone receptor
Which hormone is effectively suppressed by dopamine agonists in patients with hyperprolactinemia?
Prolactin
What is the primary role of GnRH analogs like gonadorelin?
Regulate gonadotropin release
What is the main function of lanreotide and octreotide?
Inhibit GH release
Which hormone is targeted by octreotide in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors such as acromegaly and carcinoid syndrome?
Growth hormone
What is the potential effect of GnRH receptor antagonists like BACWADEN and CUTAY?
Inhibit GH release
Which from following has the longest half life?
OCTREOTIDE
What is the main role of Urofollitropin and lutropin alfa?
Regulate gonadotropin release
What is the primary use of quinagolide in medical treatment?
Treating diabetes insipidus
What is the main purpose of using an oxytocin antagonist during labor?
To reduce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage
In what position is desmopressin acetate modified to create a long-acting synthetic analog of vasopressin?
C-terminal position
Which vasopressin receptor causes a decrease in platelet aggregation?
V2 receptor
How does Tolvaptan differ from Conivaptan with regard to their administration?
Tolvaptan is administered orally, while Conivaptan is administered intravenously
What is the main difference between desmopressin and vasopressin in terms of their pharmacodynamics?
Vasopressin activates V1 and V2 receptors, while desmopressin only activates V2 receptors.
What is the most likely consequence of vasopressin overdose?
Hyponatremia
Which statement about desmopressin's toxicity is correct?
Common side effects include nausea and abdominal cramps.
In what way does desmopressin differ from vasopressin in terms of vasoconstrictive activity?
Vasopressin causes vasoconstriction, while desmopressin does not.
What distinguishes the pharmacokinetics of vasopressin from desmopressin?
Desmopressin has a longer half-life than vasopressin.
What is the primary clinical indication for the use of quinagolide?
Stimulating milk production
Which hormone is primarily targeted by oxytocin antagonists?
Oxytocin
What is the main function of vasopressin antagonists like conivaptan and tolvaptan?
Regulating water balance and treating hyponatremia
In what condition is desmopressin acetate commonly used?
Diabetes insipidus
Which hormone is primarily associated with promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
What is the primary function of conivaptan?
Vasopressin antagonist
Which hormone deficiency can be associated with symptoms like inability to lactate, vaginal dryness, and decreased libido?
Oxytocin
What is the main function of desmopressin acetate?
Treatment of central diabetes insipidus
What is the primary role of quinagolide?
Stimulation of milk production
Which hormone, when secreted by the posterior pituitary, is involved in parturition and the milk letdown?
Oxytocin
What is the main function of tolvaptan?
Vasopressin antagonist
What is the first-line treatment for hyperprolactinemia?
Quinagolide
What is the clinical indication for the use of desmopressin acetate?
Control of postpartum bleeding
In the context of pharmacological treatment, which hormone is targeted by conivaptan?
Vasopressin
What is the primary function of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) in the body?
Regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the primary use of quinagolide?
Treatment of hyperprolactinemia
What is the modified form of oxytocin that is administered by intravenous infusion for 2–48 hours?
Atosiban
What is the primary role of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?
Possesses antidiuretic and vasopressor properties
Which medication has been approved outside the United States as a treatment for preterm labor?
Atosiban
Which drug acts as an antagonist of vasopressin receptors and is used in the management of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia?
Tolvaptan
Which hormone is primarily associated with promoting uterine contractions and milk ejection?
Oxytocin
What is the primary function of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) in the body?
Promotion of water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which drug acts as an antagonist to oxytocin and vasopressin receptors for the treatment of hyponatremia?
Conivaptan
What is the primary effect of desmopressin acetate in the body?
Promotion of water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which drug is used for the management of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
Tolvaptan
What is the primary target organ for the action of oxytocin?
Uterus
Which drug is a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia?
Quinagolide
What is the main physiological function of vasopressin antagonists like conivaptan and tolvaptan?
Blocking the action of vasopressin on its receptors
What is the role of oxytocin antagonists in the pharmacologic action of endocrine drugs?
Blocking the action of oxytocin on its receptors
Which hormone deficiency can be effectively treated with desmopressin acetate?
Vasopressin deficiency
This quiz covers the complex network of glands and organs that form the endocrine system. It discusses how hormones are used to control and coordinate the body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth, development, response to injury, stress, and mood. The quiz also delves into the control of metabolism, growth, and reproduction mediated by neural and endocrine systems located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
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