Endocrine System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin?

  • Inhibits prolactin release
  • Encourages thyroid hormone production
  • Promotes glucagon release
  • Stimulates milk ejection from the breasts (correct)

In which type of thyroid disorder does the problem occur in the hypothalamus?

  • Primary disorder
  • Secondary disorder
  • Tertiary disorder (correct)
  • Quaternary disorder

What is a characteristic of negative feedback in hormone regulation?

  • Encourages further production of output
  • Has no physiological effect
  • Always requires external stimuli
  • Inhibits further production of output (correct)

Which glands are considered independent 'contractors' not directly regulated by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Adrenal medulla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of hormone secretion involves constant release?

<p>Continuous secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones is typically bound to plasma proteins in the bloodstream?

<p>Lipid-soluble hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of growth hormone?

<p>Both anabolic and catabolic properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily promotes lactation?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high levels of T3 and T4 have on TRH and TSH release?

<p>Inhibits their release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in promoting glucose uptake and fat storage?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes nervous stimulation from hormonal stimulation?

<p>Nervous stimulation can be somatic or autonomic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Stimulating growth of bones, cartilage, and muscles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are endocrine glands?

<p>They are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for milk production in females?

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hypothalamus represent in the endocrine system hierarchy?

<p>The CEO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

<p>Facilitates water reabsorption in the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits the release of prolactin?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are typically secreted in very small amounts by the endocrine system?

<p>Hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the excess urine cortisol in Cushing's syndrome?

<p>High cortisol levels overwhelming plasma proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a ligand-related problem in diabetes mellitus?

<p>Lack of insulin production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's secretion is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus?

<p>Prolactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of glucagon in the body?

<p>Stimulates glycogen breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do estrogen and prolactin interact during lactation and ovulation?

<p>Estrogen inhibits lactation, while prolactin inhibits ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a receptor-related problem in diabetes insipidus indicate?

<p>Kidney insensitivity to ADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway?

<p>Inhibits prolactin release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for prolactin and growth hormone?

<p>Jack-STAT pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the circadian rhythm in hormone secretion?

<p>Hormone levels peak at specific times of the day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of somatostatin in hormone regulation?

<p>Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone secretion is characterized by hormones acting on neighboring cells?

<p>Paracrine secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signal dictates the secretion of aldosterone?

<p>Renin-angiotensin system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition does secondary hyperthyroidism occur?

<p>Excess secretion of TSH from anterior pituitary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during positive feedback regulation in hormone secretion?

<p>Hormone levels stimulate further secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is referred to as the 'general manager' of the endocrine system?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on blood pressure?

<p>Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

<p>Regulates the activity of the pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is influenced by dopamine from the hypothalamus?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is critical for vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure?

<p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism results in an increased output due to a high initial output?

<p>Positive Feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the thyroid hormone levels are low, what is typically expected to occur?

<p>Stimulation of TRH and TSH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pulsatile hormone secretion from continuous secretion?

<p>Pulsatile secretion happens in bursts followed by pauses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily exerts positive effects on mood through the mesocortical pathway?

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of insulin in the body?

<p>Stimulates protein synthesis and storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In primary endocrine disorders, where does the dysfunction primarily originate?

<p>In the target gland itself (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation leads to amenorrhea in women due to hormonal interactions?

<p>Increased prolactin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common treatment approach is used for managing prolactinomas?

<p>Dopamine agonists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are categorized as free hormones?

<p>Hormones that can exert physiological effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in relation to growth hormone?

<p>It stimulates cell division and growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes autocrine hormone action?

<p>A hormone acts on the cell that secreted it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Growth Hormone (GH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone primarily regulates the secretion of cortisol?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the secretion of aldosterone?

<p>Renin-angiotensin system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does Growth Hormone (GH) primarily promote?

<p>Increased protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

<p>Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines paracrine hormone action?

<p>Hormones act on neighboring cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prolactin in the body?

<p>Stimulating milk production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>To stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone stimulation is characterized by slow action and involvement of hormones?

<p>Hormonal stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone acts on neighboring cells in the local area?

<p>Paracrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gland is described as the 'CEO' of the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Promote growth and IGF-1 production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary?

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is part of the endocrine system and is considered ductless?

<p>Adrenal gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell signaling occurs when a hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it?

<p>Autocrine signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating sex hormone production in the gonads?

<p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are primarily involved in regulating water and milk production?

<p>Prolactin and oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary hypo/hyperthyroidism from secondary causes?

<p>It originates in the gland of concern, such as the thyroid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about negative feedback in hormone regulation is accurate?

<p>It helps maintain hormonal balance by inhibiting its own production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone secretion leads to adaptation and desensitization of the target organ?

<p>Continuous secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily classified as catabolic and promotes the release of energy?

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative feedback in the regulation of thyroid hormones?

<p>It inhibits TRH and TSH release when thyroid hormones are high (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of pulsatile hormone secretion?

<p>It provides a stimulatory effect on the target organ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when high levels of dopamine are present in the body regarding prolactin?

<p>Prolactin release is inhibited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does estrogen have on prolactin during the menstrual cycle?

<p>It inhibits prolactin production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the speed of response between nervous and hormonal stimulation?

<p>Nervous stimulation is rapid while hormonal stimulation is slower. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone action involves acting on the same cell that secreted it?

<p>Autocrine action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus serve in the endocrine system?

<p>It coordinates activities of the pituitary gland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

<p>Stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for storing water in the body and increasing blood pressure?

<p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism involves high levels of thyroid hormone inhibiting the release of TRH and TSH?

<p>Negative feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of hypothyroidism is the problem located in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Secondary hypothyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone inhibits the release of prolactin in the body?

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary hyperthyroidism from other types?

<p>It results from dysfunction in the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal behavior occurs with low levels of a hormone?

<p>It stimulates the release of more hormone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for milk release during breastfeeding?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does continuous hormone secretion affect its effectiveness?

<p>It can lead to receptor desensitization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the secretion of many hormones in a cyclical pattern?

<p>Circadian rhythm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does estrogen play in reproduction?

<p>Stimulates ovulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone secretion is characterized by hormone release in bursts?

<p>Pulsatile secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of glucagon in the body?

<p>Increases blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during positive feedback in hormone regulation?

<p>Hormone levels increase further. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of prolactin during lactation?

<p>It fills the alveoli with milk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are active and excreted in urine?

<p>Water-soluble hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of autocrine hormone secretion?

<p>Acts on the secreting cell itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which endocrine gland is considered the 'CEO' of the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT directly secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulation is characterized as fast and can be somatic or autonomic?

<p>Nervous stimulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IGF-1 in relation to growth hormone?

<p>Has similar anabolic effects as insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones promotes breast milk production?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the secretion of Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)?

<p>Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in increasing blood pressure through vasoconstriction?

<p>Vasopressin (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is associated with Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT secreted in response to the releasing hormones from the hypothalamus?

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes secondary hyperthyroidism?

<p>Resulting from an issue in the anterior pituitary gland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily results from high levels of glucagon in the body?

<p>Breakdown of glycogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's action is primarily characterized by its catabolic effects?

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones compared to water-soluble hormones?

<p>They remain inactive when bound to plasma proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of dopamine in relation to prolactin secretion?

<p>Inhibits prolactin secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to galactorrhea and amenorrhea in females?

<p>Hyperprolactinemia due to low dopamine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone serves as the primary stimulator of the LH surge during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of an adenoma in the context of endocrine pathology?

<p>A benign tumor leading to hypersecretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does circadian rhythm refer to in hormone secretion?

<p>Variation in hormone levels based on a 24-hour cycle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between free hormones and bound hormones?

<p>Free hormones are active, while bound hormones serve as a reservoir. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in relation to the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>It regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What secretion type involves hormones acting on distant target cells after entering the bloodstream?

<p>Endocrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's release is primarily inhibited by somatostatin?

<p>Growth hormone (GH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of stimulation is characterized as slower and automatic?

<p>Hormonal stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes paracrine secretion?

<p>Hormones influencing neighboring cells in the local area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?

<p>Promoting cell growth and anabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is directly stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of cortisol released from the adrenal cortex?

<p>Increases blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is considered the 'CEO' of the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT regulated directly by ACTH?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolactin have on ovulation?

<p>Inhibits ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a primary endocrine disorder?

<p>Problems within the target gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for water reabsorption?

<p>ADH (Vasopressin) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of a positive feedback loop in hormone regulation?

<p>Stimulation of hormone production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes catabolic hormones from anabolic hormones?

<p>Opposing roles in energy balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia?

<p>Prolactinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to stress and has a significant catabolic effect?

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of growth hormone?

<p>Promotes muscle, cartilage, and bone growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of hypersecretion of a hormone?

<p>Excessive hormone production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a situation where a target gland is not functioning properly, which type of thyroid disorder is it classified as?

<p>Primary hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion pattern is associated with desensitization of hormone receptors?

<p>Continuous secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with promoting breakdown processes in the body?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do high estrogen levels have on prolactin activity during lactation?

<p>It inhibits lactation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones typically has higher levels in the morning?

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of free hormones?

<p>They are readily available for receptor binding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the function of prolactin?

<p>Inhibits ovulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's release is characterized by a pulsatile secretion pattern?

<p>Growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from a problem in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Secondary hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes autocrine signaling from paracrine signaling in the endocrine system?

<p>Hormones act on the same cell that secretes them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of sex hormones in the gonads?

<p>Gonadotropins (FSH &amp; LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Increases protein synthesis and cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone leads to increased blood pressure by constricting blood vessels?

<p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional role of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

<p>It releases signals that regulate the pituitary's hormone release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism is involved when a hormone's secretion is inhibited by high levels of its own presence?

<p>Negative feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the endocrine system is referred to as the 'CEO'?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) exert their effects?

<p>By stimulating the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 &amp; T4). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling involves hormones acting on distant cells after entering the bloodstream?

<p>Endocrine signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of aldosterone?

<p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for milk ejection during breastfeeding?

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dopamine on prolactin levels?

<p>Inhibits prolactin release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a tertiary endocrine disorder?

<p>Problems in the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do free hormones differ from bound hormones?

<p>Free hormones can be filtered by the kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation does hyperprolactinemia typically occur?

<p>Inhibition of dopamine effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of positive feedback in endocrine regulation?

<p>Stimulates additional hormone release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does growth hormone (GH) play in metabolism?

<p>Exhibits both anabolic and catabolic actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of high prolactin levels in males?

<p>Gynecomastia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

<p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes autocrine hormone action from paracrine action?

<p>Hormones act on the same cell that secreted them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to release its hormones?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)?

<p>To act as a mediator of growth hormone functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is directly involved in the stress response by regulating glucose levels?

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system hierarchy?

<p>It receives signals from the hypothalamus to release hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are secreted by endocrine glands?

<p>Small amounts measured in micrograms or nanograms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines endocrine hormone action?

<p>Hormones travel through the bloodstream to distant target cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nervous stimulation compared to hormonal stimulation?

<p>It involves nerve impulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

<p>It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary that acts on the adrenal cortex?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production?

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In central diabetes insipidus, what is the primary problem?

<p>Lack of ADH production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is inhibited by dopamine?

<p>Prolactin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of hormone regulation involves inhibiting hormone secretion when levels are high?

<p>Negative feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?

<p>Stimulates glycogen breakdown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal condition is characterized by resistance to its own hormone?

<p>Type 2 diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is not typically controlled by the hypothalamus?

<p>Aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary hyperthyroidism from secondary hyperthyroidism?

<p>Origin of the problem is in the thyroid gland. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback is more common in hormone regulation?

<p>Negative feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hormones secreted in small amounts?

<p>They act on distant targets via the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

<p>Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) play in the endocrine system?

<p>It stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is considered the 'CEO' of the endocrine system?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary messenger system commonly involved in hormonal actions?

<p>G-protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does growth hormone (GH) promote growth?

<p>By promoting protein synthesis and cell growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological characteristic differentiates nervous stimulation from hormonal stimulation?

<p>Nervous stimulation is fast and involves nerve impulses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone released from the hypothalamus specifically stimulates the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

<p>Stimulating the production of sex hormones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What local cell action is characteristic of autocrine secretion?

<p>Cells respond to their own secretions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily produced by the pineal gland?

<p>Melatonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body?

<p>Parathyroid Glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the thymus gland during childhood?

<p>Developing the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress?

<p>Adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is known as the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?

<p>Pituitary Gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the thyroid gland?

<p>Controlling metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for promoting bonding and attachment?

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ovaries play in the endocrine system?

<p>Produce estrogen and progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cortisol primarily do in the body?

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Flashcards

Nervous Stimulation

Fast, somatic or autonomic signaling.

Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, autonomic signaling using hormones.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands with ducts, secreting substances outside the body.

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Hypothalamus

Control center of the endocrine system, acting as the CEO.

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Anterior Pituitary

Produces & secretes various hormones in response to hypothalamic signals.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates bone, cartilage, and muscle growth.

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Posterior Pituitary

Stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption & constricting blood vessels.

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Hormone Levels

Secreted in precise amounts (micrograms or nanograms).

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Oxytocin

A hormone known as the "love and bonding" hormone, that stimulates milk ejection from the breasts.

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Negative Feedback

A regulatory mechanism where the system's output inhibits further production.

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Primary Thyroid Disorder

A thyroid issue originating in the thyroid gland itself.

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Insulin

An anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and fat storage.

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Lipid-soluble hormone

Hormone bound to plasma proteins in bloodstream, less readily filtered from kidneys

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Free Hormones

Physically active hormones not bound to proteins, can act on tissues and generate feedback

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Pulsatile Secretion

Intermittent bursts of hormone release, stimulating target tissues

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Hormone Receptor Complex

Hormone (ligand) activates only when it is bound to specific receptor.

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Growth Hormone

Hormone with both anabolic (protein synthesis) and catabolic properties (glycogen and fat breakdown).

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Dopamine

Inhibits prolactin release; antipsychotics sometimes cause hyperprolactinemia.

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Nervous vs. Hormonal Stimulation

Nervous stimulation is fast, via nerve impulses; hormonal stimulation is slower, automatic, and uses hormones.

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Autocrine Secretion

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Secretion

Hormone acts on neighboring cells.

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Endocrine Secretion

Hormone travels through bloodstream to distant cells.

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Hypothalamus's role

The CEO of the endocrine system, regulating pituitary activity.

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Posterior Pituitary's Function

Stores and releases ADH and oxytocin, produced by the hypothalamus.

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly within the gland.

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Pituitary

The operation manager in the endocrine system, receiving signals from the hypothalamus.

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Thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads

Endocrine employees, receiving signals from the anterior pituitary and secreting hormones.

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Bound Hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones bound to plasma proteins, inactive until released

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Free Hormones

Physiologically active hormones not bound to proteins.

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Ligand-Receptor Complex

The combination of a hormone (ligand) and its receptor, essential for hormone action.

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes caused by receptor insensitivity to insulin.

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Negative Feedback

A regulatory mechanism where the output of a system inhibits further production.

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Anabolism

The process constructing complex molecules from simpler ones.

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Catabolism

The process of breaking down complex molecules.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone with both anabolic and catabolic effects, influencing protein, glycogen, and fat metabolism.

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Hyperprolactinemia

High prolactin levels due to factors like dopamine deficiency.

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Prolactin and Estrogen Relationship

Prolactin promotes lactation but inhibits ovulation, estrogen promotes ovulation but inhibits lactation; antagonistic hormones.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast signaling using nerve impulses

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, automatic signaling using hormones

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Autocrine

Hormone acting on the same cell that secreted it

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Paracrine

Hormone acting on neighboring cells

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Endocrine

Hormone acting on distant cells via bloodstream

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormone stimulating growth in tissues

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Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)

Hormones regulating gonadal hormone secretion

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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Hormone stimulating thyroid hormone release

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Prolactin

Hormone stimulating milk production

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Hypothalamus

Control center for endocrine system, regulates anterior pituitary

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Posterior Pituitary Function

Stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus, like ADH and oxytocin.

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ADH Effect on Blood Vessels

V1 receptors cause vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure.

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Negative Feedback in the HPT Axis

High levels of T3/T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion, low levels stimulate them.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem is within the gland itself (e.g., thyroid problem).

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Secondary Endocrine Disorder

Problem in the anterior pituitary, affecting other glands.

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Positive Feedback Example

High output increases output further, like the LH surge in the menstrual cycle.

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Free vs. Bound Hormones

Free hormones are active, bound hormones are inactive.

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Insulin's Role

Promotes growth and storage (anabolic).

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Prolactin's Inhibitory Effects

Suppresses GnRH, LH, and FSH, causing amenorrhea and/or impotence in women and men.

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Dopamine and Prolactin

Dopamine inhibits prolactin release, antipsychotics can sometimes cause hyperprolactinemia.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast signaling via nerve impulses.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow signaling using hormones released into the bloodstream.

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Autocrine

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine

Hormone acts on nearby cells.

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Endocrine

Hormone acts on distant cells via bloodstream.

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Hypothalamus

Controls the endocrine system; regulates the pituitary.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in tissues.

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Anterior Pituitary Function

Produces and releases hormones in response to hypothalamic signals.

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Hormone Levels

Precisely regulated amounts (micrograms or nanograms).

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion.

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Hypothalamus's role

The control center of the endocrine system, regulating the anterior pituitary gland.

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Posterior Pituitary

The part of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

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Negative Feedback

A process where high hormone levels inhibit further secretion, maintaining balance.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

A problem directly within the gland itself, e.g., a thyroid problem.

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Free Hormones

Physiologically active hormones that are not bound to plasma proteins.

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Bound Hormones

Inactive hormones bound to plasma proteins.

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Pulsatile Secretion

Hormone secretion in bursts or pulses, rather than continuously, that often stimulates target cells better than constant release.

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Anabolic Hormones

Build up tissues and promote growth.

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Catabolic Hormones

Break down tissues and release energy.

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Prolactin'

Stimulates milk production and inhibits ovulation, also influenced by dopamine

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast, direct signaling via nerve impulses.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, widespread signaling using hormones released into the bloodstream.

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Autocrine Hormone Action

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Hormone Action

Hormone acts on neighboring cells.

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Endocrine Hormone Action

Hormone travels through bloodstream to distant cells.

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Hypothalamus (Endocrine)

Control center for the endocrine system, regulating the pituitary gland.

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Posterior Pituitary

Part of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

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Negative Feedback (Hormones)

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate more secretion, maintaining balance.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly in the gland itself.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in various tissues (bones, muscles, etc.).

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion, low levels stimulate more.

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Positive Feedback

Increased hormone levels stimulate the release of even more.

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Pulsatile Secretion

Hormone released in bursts, not continuously.

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Insulin

Promotes growth, storage and glucose uptake.

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Glucagon

Breaks down energy stores.

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Growth Hormone

Mostly anabolic (protein) but catabolic for fats/glycogen.

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Estrogen in Pregnancy

Promotes duct development in breasts.

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Prolactin

Fills breast with milk.

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Free Hormones

Physiologically active hormones in bloodstream, not bound to proteins.

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Lipid-soluble Hormones

Bound to plasma proteins, less active but prevents excretion in urine.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast, direct signaling via nerve impulses.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, widespread signaling using hormones released into the bloodstream.

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Autocrine Hormone Action

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Hormone Action

Hormone acts on nearby cells.

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Endocrine Hormone Action

Hormone travels through bloodstream to distant cells.

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Hypothalamus (Endocrine)

Control center for the endocrine system, regulating the pituitary gland.

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Posterior Pituitary

Part of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus.

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Negative Feedback (Hormones)

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate more secretion, maintaining balance.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly in the gland itself.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in various tissues (bones, muscles, etc.).

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Negative Feedback

A regulatory process where a system's output reduces the production of the signal that produced it.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

A problem within the gland itself.

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Positive Feedback

A feedback mechanism where increased output stimulates further production.

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Free Hormones

Physiologically active hormones not bound to plasma proteins.

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Lipid-soluble Hormones

Hormones bound to plasma proteins, less active but prevent excretion in urine.

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Pulsatile Secretion

Hormone release in bursts, not continuously, stimulating target cells.

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Insulin

Promotes growth, storage and glucose uptake.

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Glucagon

Breaks down energy stores for glucose needs.

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Growth Hormone

Mostly anabolic (protein, structural) and catabolic for fats/glycogen.

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Prolactin

Stimulates milk production and inhibits ovulation.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast signaling, either somatic or autonomic.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, automatic signaling using hormones.

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Autocrine Secretion

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Secretion

Hormone acts on neighboring cells.

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Endocrine Secretion

Hormone travels through blood to distant cells.

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Hypothalamus (Endocrine)

Control center of endocrine system, regulating pituitary.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth of tissues like bone and muscle.

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Gonadotropins

Hormones regulating gonadal hormone secretion.

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Hormone Levels

Secreted in precise amounts (micro/nanograms).

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate.

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ACTH effect

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol (zona fasciculata) and adrenal androgens (zona reticularis).

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Aldosterone regulation

Controlled by the renin-angiotensin system, not directly by ACTH.

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Prolactin Stimuli

Hypothalamic TRH stimulates prolactin release; dopamine inhibits it.

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ADH Function

Increases blood pressure (V1 receptor) and water reabsorption (V2 receptor).

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Oxytocin Function

Promotes bonding, love, and milk release.

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Negative Feedback Loop

High hormone levels inhibit production; low hormone levels stimulate production/release.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly with the target gland/organ e.g., thyroid in hypothyroidism.

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Free Hormone

Not bound to plasma proteins, physiologically active, and filterable by kidneys.

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Bound Hormone

Attached to plasma proteins, inactive, and not easily filtered by kidneys.

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Positive Feedback Loop

Increased hormone levels trigger further hormone release.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast signaling through nerve impulses

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, widespread signaling via hormones in the bloodstream

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Autocrine

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it

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Paracrine

Hormone acts on nearby cells

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Endocrine

Hormone acts on distant cells via bloodstream

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Hypothalamus (role)

Control center for the endocrine system, regulating the pituitary

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate more

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly in the gland itself

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in various tissues (bones, muscles, etc.)

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Posterior Pituitary

Part of the pituitary that stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

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Positive Feedback

A hormone's secretion is stimulated when its level rises.

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Primary Hypothyroidism

Problem in the target gland (thyroid).

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Secondary Hypothyroidism

Problem in the anterior pituitary.

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Tertiary Hypothyroidism

Problem in the hypothalamus.

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Hypersecretion

Excessive hormone production.

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Hyposecretion

Insufficient hormone production.

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Free Hormones

Active hormones not bound to proteins.

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Insulin (effect)

Anabolic hormone; promotes growth and storage.

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Glucagon (effect)

Catabolic hormone; promotes breakdown.

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Prolactin-Estrogen Relationship

Prolactin promotes lactation and inhibits ovulation, while Estrogen promotes ovulation and inhibits lactation.

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Nervous Stimulation

Rapid signaling using nerve impulses.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow, widespread signaling using hormones.

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Autocrine Hormone

Acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Hormone

Acts on neighboring cells.

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Endocrine Hormone

Acts on distant cells via bloodstream.

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Hypothalamus (Endocrine)

Master control center of the endocrine system, regulating the pituitary.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in various tissues.

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Negative Feedback (Hormones)

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion. Low levels stimulate more secretion, maintaining balance.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly within the gland itself (e.g., a thyroid issue).

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Pituitary Gland

The 'general manager' receiving signals from the hypothalamus and releasing hormones to the body's various glands.

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Adrenal androgens

Weak male sex hormones produced in the adrenal glands.

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Aldosterone

A hormone regulating sodium and water balance, released by the zona glomerulosa.

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Prolactin release

Stimulated by TRH, inhibited by dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting hormone).

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Posterior Pituitary

Stores and secretes hormones (ADH, oxytocin) produced by the hypothalamus.

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Negative feedback

Hormone levels inhibit further secretion; maintains homeostasis.

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Positive feedback

Increased hormone levels stimulate even more release, leading to rapid change.

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Primary endocrine disease

Problem originates in the target endocrine gland.

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Free hormones

Unbound hormones, physiologically active, filtered by the kidneys.

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Ligand-receptor complex

Hormone binds to a receptor to trigger an effect.

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Circadian rhythm

Hormone secretion pattern following a daily cycle.

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Nervous Stimulation

Fast signaling via nerve impulses.

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Hormonal Stimulation

Slow signaling using hormones released into bloodstream.

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Autocrine Secretion

Hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it.

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Paracrine Secretion

Hormone acts on nearby cells.

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Endocrine Secretion

Hormone travels through bloodstream to distant cells.

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Hypothalamus (Endocrine)

Control center for the endocrine system, regulating the pituitary gland.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Stimulates growth in various tissues.

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Anterior Pituitary

Produces and releases hormones in response to hypothalamic signals.

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Negative Feedback (Hormones)

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion; low levels stimulate more secretion, maintaining balance.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

Problem directly in the gland itself.

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TRH's Action

TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH, a thyroid-regulating hormone.

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TSH's Action

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

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CRH's Role

CRH, released by the hypothalamus, stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) release.

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ACTH Function

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and adrenal androgens.

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Aldosterone Regulation

Aldosterone is not controlled by ACTH but by the renin-angiotensin system.

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Prolactin Stimulation

TRH can stimulate prolactin release, while dopamine inhibits it.

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Posterior Pituitary Hormones

The posterior pituitary stores and releases ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin, made by the hypothalamus.

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Negative Feedback

High hormone levels inhibit further secretion, while low levels stimulate, maintaining equilibrium.

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Primary Endocrine Disorder

A problem directly within the endocrine gland itself.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production.

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Endocrine System

System regulating bodily processes using chemical messengers (hormones).

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Pituitary Gland

Master gland; controls other endocrine glands, releases growth, oxytocin hormones.

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Pineal Gland

Releases melatonin, regulates sleep cycles.

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Thyroid Gland

Regulates metabolism and chemical processes.

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Parathyroid Glands

Regulates calcium levels in the body crucial for nerve function.

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Pancreas

Releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

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Adrenal Glands

Produces adrenaline and cortisol for the fight-or-flight response and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Ovaries

Female reproductive gland that produces estrogen, progesterone and a little testosterone.

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Testes

Male reproductive gland that produces testosterone.

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Hypothalamus

Brain region controlling pituitary gland activity.

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Study Notes

Nervous vs. Hormonal Stimulation

  • Nervous stimulation is fast and somatic or autonomic, whereas hormonal stimulation is always autonomic.
  • Hormones are secreted only when needed in very small amounts, typically measured in micrograms or nanograms.
  • Hormones are highly active and can be lipid-soluble or water-soluble. They act via secondary messenger systems, such as the G protein.

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

  • Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete substances outside the body (e.g., sweat glands, salivary glands).

Endocrine System Hierarchy

  • The hypothalamus acts as the CEO, the pituitary gland acts as the general manager, and the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads are the employees.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

  • Growth Hormone (GH):
    • Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • Stimulates growth, particularly of bones, cartilage, and muscles.
    • Also stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
    • Inhibited by somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
  • Gonadotropins (FSH and LH):
    • Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • In females, FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.
    • In males, FSH and LH stimulate the testes to produce testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and inhibin.
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
    • Stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH):
    • Stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.
    • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and adrenal androgens.
  • Prolactin:
    • Stimulated by TRH (same as TSH) from the hypothalamus.
    • Promotes breast milk production.
    • Inhibited by dopamine (also known as prolactin inhibiting hormone or prolactin inhibiting factor) from the hypothalamus.

Posterior Pituitary

  • The posterior pituitary doesn't produce hormones, it only stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus:
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
      • Also known as vasopressin.
      • Acts on V1 receptors to constrict blood vessels and on V2 receptors to facilitate water reabsorption in the kidneys.
      • Increases blood pressure by both mechanisms.
    • Oxytocin:
      • Known as the "love and bonding" hormone.
      • Stimulates milk ejection from the breasts.

Thyroid Hormone Regulation (Negative Feedback)

  • High levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH release, leading to decreased thyroid hormone production.
  • Low levels of T3 and T4 stimulate TRH and TSH release, resulting in increased thyroid hormone production.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Thyroid Disorders

  • Primary: Problem occurs in the thyroid gland itself.
  • Secondary: Problem occurs in the anterior pituitary gland.
  • Tertiary: Problem occurs in the hypothalamus.

Positive vs. Negative Feedback

  • Negative Feedback: Output of a system inhibits further production of the output.
  • Positive Feedback: Output encourages further production of the output (less common).

Endocrine Glands "Employees"

  • The thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads are directly regulated by the anterior pituitary.

Independent "Contractors"

  • Parathyroid glands, adrenal medulla, and pancreas are not directly regulated by the anterior pituitary.

Hormone Binding and Activity

  • Hormones can be free or bound to plasma proteins in the bloodstream.
  • Only free hormones are physiologically active and can exert effects on target tissues, provide feedback signals, and cause clinical symptoms.

Insulin vs. Glucagon "Land"

  • Insulin: Anabolic (builds up), promotes glucose uptake, protein synthesis, and fat storage.
  • Glucagon: Catabolic (breaks down), promotes glucose release, protein breakdown, and fat breakdown.

Hormone Secretion Modes

  • Continuous secretion: Constant release of hormone.
  • Pulsatile secretion: Intermittent bursts of hormone release.
  • Pulsatile secretion is more stimulatory, while continuous secretion can lead to adaptation and desensitization.

Lipid-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble Hormones

  • Lipid-soluble hormones:

    • Typically bound to plasma proteins.
    • Not readily filtered by the kidneys.

  • Water-soluble hormones:

    • Free in the bloodstream.
    • Easily filtered by the kidneys.

    Ligand-Receptor Complex

  • A hormone (ligand) is not active alone, and neither is the receptor.

  • Activation occurs when the ligand binds to its receptor.

Hormone Pharmacology

  • Different types of insulin and related medication can be used to treat diabetes.

Circadian Rhythms

  • Cortisol: Higher levels in the morning for stress response.
  • Growth Hormone: Higher levels at night to promote growth.

Growth Hormone

  • Both anabolic (protein synthesis) and catabolic (glycogen and fat breakdown) properties.

Dopamine and Prolactin

  • Dopamine:
    • Inhibits prolactin release.
    • Can cause hyperprolactinemia when antagonists (antipsychotics) are used.
    • Prolactin:
    • Promotes lactation and can lead to hyperprolactinemia if unchecked.
    • Inhibits gonadotropins (FSH and LH), leading to amenorrhea or impotence.

Prolactin and Estrogen

  • Prolactin:
    • Pro-lactation
    • Anti-ovulation (inhibits gonadotropins)
  • Estrogen:
    • Anti-lactation
    • Pro-ovulation (supports gonadotropins)

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Description

This quiz covers the distinctions between nervous and hormonal stimulation, the types of glands in the endocrine system, and the hierarchy of the endocrine system's functions. Key aspects such as the roles of the hypothalamus and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are included. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in human physiology.

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