NIH III - Mod 1 (ch 38, 39, 40)

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?

  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (correct)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What is a primary symptom of Addison's Disease?

  • Hypertension
  • Weight gain
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Postural hypotension (correct)

Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of melatonin?

  • Thyroid gland
  • Pineal gland (correct)
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pituitary gland

An increase in which hormone is likely to lead to elevated levels of calcium in the blood?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with Cushing’s Syndrome?

<p>Decrease cortisol production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Diabetes Insipidus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of Addison's Disease?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of exophthalmos indicate in a patient?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is administered to patients with insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones?

<p>Levothyroxine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of glucocorticoids?

<p>Inhibits inflammation and immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test would be most indicative of Cushing’s Syndrome?

<p>24-hour urine cortisol test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to metabolism when triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels are elevated?

<p>Metabolism becomes hypermetabolic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is an adrenalectomy most commonly performed?

<p>Cushing's Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication associated with hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Tetany (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Hypercalcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is diabetes mellitus type 1 primarily characterized?

<p>Destruction of beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory value indicates a diagnosis of diabetes?

<p>Random blood glucose over 200 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by positive Chvostek's sign?

<p>Hypoparathyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change is recommended for patients with diabetes?

<p>Consistent carbohydrate intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In diabetes management, what is the target HbA1c percentage for most adults?

<p>Lower than 7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>IV fluids and insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of diabetic neuropathy?

<p>Numbness in extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor could potentially lead to reactive hypoglycemia?

<p>Pancreatic overproduction of insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of thyroid storm?

<p>Extreme fever and tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of diabetes, particularly affecting the kidneys?

<p>Nephropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is important for managing metabolic syndrome?

<p>Monitor for T2DM and heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are insulins generally administered?

<p>Subcutaneously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication is specifically associated with hypoparathyroidism due to decreased parathyroid hormone levels?

<p>Tetany (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Polyuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>IV fluids and insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing diabetes, what indicates a patient is in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?

<p>Extreme dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of positive Trousseau's sign indicate in a patient?

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inadequate insulin leading to high blood glucose levels and excessive ketone production?

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation is essential for managing diabetes optimally?

<p>Consistent carbohydrate intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following insulin types has the shortest onset of action?

<p>Very short acting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance in tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common long-term complication of diabetes affecting the eyes?

<p>Retinopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of aldosterone produced by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Promote reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most closely associated with an increase in ACTH due to a pituitary tumor?

<p>Cushing's Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary danger of abruptly discontinuing steroids in a patient with Addison's Disease?

<p>Adrenal crisis with life-threatening symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely to manifest in a patient suffering from hyperthyroidism?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces hormones that are essential for normal growth and development, and requires iodine for hormone synthesis?

<p>Thyroid Gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary diabetes mellitus related to Cushing's Syndrome?

<p>Increased insulin resistance due to excess cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is characteristic of Diabetes Insipidus?

<p>Low specific gravity of urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing assessment should NEVER be performed on a patient with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?

<p>Palpation of the thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of catecholamines from a tumor of the adrenal medulla?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major symptom associated with Addison’s Disease?

<p>Postural hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does glucocorticoid therapy have when used over a long period?

<p>Reduces immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication resulting from untreated Addison’s Disease?

<p>Adrenal crisis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of Cushing's Syndrome, which dietary modification is recommended?

<p>High potassium, low sodium, high protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing intervention when caring for a patient with diabetes insipidus?

<p>Provide access to water at all times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic finding in Cushing's Syndrome?

<p>Moon face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is essential post-op for a patient who has undergone an adrenalectomy?

<p>Lifelong hormone replacement therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most likely to occur as a result of a tumor secreting excessive catecholamines?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test is typically used to diagnose hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Serum calcium level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in patients with complicated hyperthyroidism during nursing assessment?

<p>Palpation of the thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies an acute instance of hypoparathyroidism requiring immediate treatment?

<p>Severe muscle cramps and twitching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with hyperparathyroidism?

<p>Spontaneous fractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the development of diabetes mellitus type 1?

<p>Sudden destruction of pancreatic beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the presence of ketones in the urine?

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary treatment goal for managing diabetes?

<p>Keeping HbA1c levels lower than 6.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with untreated hyperglycemia?

<p>Polydipsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of high phosphorous levels typically indicate in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Calcium deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the treatment approach for Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Oral hypoglycemics may be used along with lifestyle changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing metabolic syndrome, which health behavior is most beneficial?

<p>Incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles, reproduction, and may have anti-cancer properties.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland of the endocrine system, controlled by the hypothalamus.

Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth and development.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Oxytocin

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk production.

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Triiodothyronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4)

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland that regulate metabolism.

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Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate blood calcium levels.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that helps regulate blood calcium levels.

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Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate electrolyte balance.

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Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate glucose metabolism.

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Gonadocorticoids

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate sexual development.

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Pheochromocytoma

A tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines, causing a fight-or-flight response.

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Addison's Disease

A disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.

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Hyperparathyroidism

A condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to high calcium levels in the blood.

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Hypoparathyroidism

A condition where the parathyroid glands produce too little parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to low calcium levels in the blood.

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Chvostek's Sign

A sign of hypocalcemia where tapping on the cheekbone causes a twitch in the facial muscles.

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Trousseau's Sign

A sign of hypocalcemia where the hand contracts involuntarily when blood pressure is applied to the upper arm.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A serious complication of diabetes where the body can't use glucose for energy and starts to break down fat, producing ketones that build up in the blood.

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

A condition where the body has high blood sugar levels but no ketones are present in the blood. It occurs mainly in type 2 diabetes.

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Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells for energy.

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Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by releasing stored glucose.

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Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

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Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by low blood sugar levels.

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Type 1 Diabetes

A type of diabetes characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin.

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Type 2 Diabetes

A type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance, where the body does not respond to insulin properly.

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Prediabetes

A condition where the body's blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.

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Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of metabolic risk factors that increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

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Sliding Scale Insulin (ACHS)

A sliding scale insulin regimen where the insulin dose is adjusted based on the blood sugar reading at a specific time.

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Cushing's Syndrome

A disorder characterized by an overproduction of cortisol, often due to a pituitary tumor or prolonged steroid use, resulting in weight gain, moon face, and other symptoms.

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Diabetes Mellitus

A condition where the body cannot produce or properly use insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing cells, and Type 2 diabetes, where the body becomes resistant to insulin.

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Diabetes Insipidus

An endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive thirst (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria).

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Hyperthyroidism

A condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) production, often caused by Graves' disease or a thyroid tumor. It leads to a hypermetabolic state with symptoms like weight loss, heat intolerance, and increased heart rate.

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Hypothyroidism

A condition involving low thyroid hormone production, often caused by autoimmune disorders. It leads to a slowing of metabolism and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold.

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Goiter

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can occur with both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, or tumors.

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Thyroid Cancer

Cancerous growth in the thyroid gland. It is often slow-growing and may not be detected until it has spread to other parts of the body.

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Thyroidectomy

The surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. It's often performed to treat hyperthyroidism, goiters, or thyroid cancer.

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Adrenal Crisis

The clinical presentation of Addison's Disease characterized by profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular collapse, and electrolyte imbalances, leading to a medical emergency.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine system comprises nine major glands and organs
  • These glands produce, store, and secrete hormones
  • Hormones regulate various bodily functions, including body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

Pineal Gland

  • Often called the "mystery gland" or "third eye"
  • Secretes melatonin, a hormone crucial for sleep-wake cycles, reproduction, and cancer prevention

Pituitary Gland

  • Also known as the hypophysis
  • Controlled by the hypothalamus
  • Anterior lobe
    • Produces growth hormone (GH), regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin)
    • Stimulated by hypothalamus
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland and its hormone secretions, triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex's cortisol and related hormone secretions, stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    • CRH is produced during exercise, stress, or hypoglycemia
  • Posterior lobe
    • Synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), which increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules and decreases urine output, thus maintaining blood pressure

Thyroid Gland

  • Butterfly-shaped gland
  • Produces calcitonin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)
  • Regulates energy and metabolism
  • Requires iodine intake
  • Major fluid loss can be triggered by hemorrhages; large amounts of ADH secretion will result in arteriolar vasoconstriction
  • Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, stimulated by TSH, increase glucose metabolism and heat production; essential for growth, development, and reproduction

Parathyroid Gland

  • Composed of four glands
  • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), an antagonist of calcitonin, to regulate blood calcium
  • Targets bones, small intestines, and kidneys
  • Maintains blood calcium levels

Adrenal Glands

  • Located superior to each kidney

  • Adrenal cortex

    • Secretes steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (male androgens and female estrogens)
    • Essential for regulating sodium and potassium balance, as well as blood volume and pressure
  • Adrenal medulla

    • Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline, the "fight or flight" hormones.

Pancreas

  • Secretes somatostatin to regulate insulin and glucagon (antagonists of each other).
  • Insulin, secreted by beta cells, is stimulated by hyperglycemia, enabling glucose entry into cells
  • Glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, is stimulated by hypoglycemia; it facilitates liver glycogen release increasing blood glucose

Ovaries and Testes

  • The female and male reproductive organs, respectively, secrete hormones governing blood circulation, mental vigor, and sex drive.
    • Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone, essential for the female reproductive system.
    • Testes produce testosterone, important for male physical development, bone density, and libido.

Additional topics

  • discussed are aging effects on the endocrine system, various disorders like Pheochromocytoma and Addison's Disease, and Cushing's Syndrome
  • Additional details include the effects of chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and Crohn's disease on the endocrine system
  • Further topics cover Diabetes Insipidus, Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) along with the diagnostic testing/treatment, and various conditions affecting the pituitary gland
  • Also included are dwarfism and disorders relating to the thyroid and parathyroid glands, along with their respective signs and symptoms and treatment options
  • Further medical conditions such as thyroid disorders, including Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism are mentioned in the text along with their respective etiologies and presentations
  • The text also details treatment for conditions like acute pain, ineffective airway clearance, risk for injury, excess fluid volume and deficient fluid volume.
  • The text notes specific issues relating to various endocrine diseases as well as their potential risks like risk for injury from decreased bone density in Hyperparathyroidism
  • The text also covers other important information including complications, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment options for various conditions.

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