NIH III - Mod 1 (ch 38, 39, 40)
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?

  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (correct)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    • What is a primary symptom of Addison's Disease?

  • Hypertension
  • Weight gain
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Postural hypotension (correct)

    • Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of melatonin?

  • Thyroid gland
  • Pineal gland (correct)
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pituitary gland

    • An increase in which hormone is likely to lead to elevated levels of calcium in the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with Cushing’s Syndrome?

    <p>Decrease cortisol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Diabetes Insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication of Addison's Disease?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of exophthalmos indicate in a patient?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is administered to patients with insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary function of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Inhibits inflammation and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test would be most indicative of Cushing’s Syndrome?

    <p>24-hour urine cortisol test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to metabolism when triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels are elevated?

    <p>Metabolism becomes hypermetabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is an adrenalectomy most commonly performed?

    <p>Cushing's Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication associated with hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diabetes mellitus type 1 primarily characterized?

    <p>Destruction of beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory value indicates a diagnosis of diabetes?

    <p>Random blood glucose over 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by positive Chvostek's sign?

    <p>Hypoparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary change is recommended for patients with diabetes?

    <p>Consistent carbohydrate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diabetes management, what is the target HbA1c percentage for most adults?

    <p>Lower than 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>IV fluids and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of diabetic neuropathy?

    <p>Numbness in extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could potentially lead to reactive hypoglycemia?

    <p>Pancreatic overproduction of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of thyroid storm?

    <p>Extreme fever and tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of diabetes, particularly affecting the kidneys?

    <p>Nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is important for managing metabolic syndrome?

    <p>Monitor for T2DM and heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are insulins generally administered?

    <p>Subcutaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is specifically associated with hypoparathyroidism due to decreased parathyroid hormone levels?

    <p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>IV fluids and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing diabetes, what indicates a patient is in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?

    <p>Extreme dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of positive Trousseau's sign indicate in a patient?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inadequate insulin leading to high blood glucose levels and excessive ketone production?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is essential for managing diabetes optimally?

    <p>Consistent carbohydrate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulin types has the shortest onset of action?

    <p>Very short acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Insulin resistance in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common long-term complication of diabetes affecting the eyes?

    <p>Retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of aldosterone produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Promote reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most closely associated with an increase in ACTH due to a pituitary tumor?

    <p>Cushing's Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger of abruptly discontinuing steroids in a patient with Addison's Disease?

    <p>Adrenal crisis with life-threatening symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to manifest in a patient suffering from hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces hormones that are essential for normal growth and development, and requires iodine for hormone synthesis?

    <p>Thyroid Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary diabetes mellitus related to Cushing's Syndrome?

    <p>Increased insulin resistance due to excess cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is characteristic of Diabetes Insipidus?

    <p>Low specific gravity of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing assessment should NEVER be performed on a patient with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Palpation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of catecholamines from a tumor of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Pheochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major symptom associated with Addison’s Disease?

    <p>Postural hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does glucocorticoid therapy have when used over a long period?

    <p>Reduces immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication resulting from untreated Addison’s Disease?

    <p>Adrenal crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the treatment of Cushing's Syndrome, which dietary modification is recommended?

    <p>High potassium, low sodium, high protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing intervention when caring for a patient with diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Provide access to water at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic finding in Cushing's Syndrome?

    <p>Moon face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is essential post-op for a patient who has undergone an adrenalectomy?

    <p>Lifelong hormone replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely to occur as a result of a tumor secreting excessive catecholamines?

    <p>Pheochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is typically used to diagnose hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Serum calcium level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in patients with complicated hyperthyroidism during nursing assessment?

    <p>Palpation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies an acute instance of hypoparathyroidism requiring immediate treatment?

    <p>Severe muscle cramps and twitching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most likely associated with hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Spontaneous fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the development of diabetes mellitus type 1?

    <p>Sudden destruction of pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presence of ketones in the urine?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary treatment goal for managing diabetes?

    <p>Keeping HbA1c levels lower than 6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with untreated hyperglycemia?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of high phosphorous levels typically indicate in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

    <p>Calcium deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the treatment approach for Type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Oral hypoglycemics may be used along with lifestyle changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing metabolic syndrome, which health behavior is most beneficial?

    <p>Incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • The endocrine system comprises nine major glands and organs
    • These glands produce, store, and secrete hormones
    • Hormones regulate various bodily functions, including body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

    Pineal Gland

    • Often called the "mystery gland" or "third eye"
    • Secretes melatonin, a hormone crucial for sleep-wake cycles, reproduction, and cancer prevention

    Pituitary Gland

    • Also known as the hypophysis
    • Controlled by the hypothalamus
    • Anterior lobe
      • Produces growth hormone (GH), regulated by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH/somatostatin)
      • Stimulated by hypothalamus
      • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland and its hormone secretions, triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex's cortisol and related hormone secretions, stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
      • CRH is produced during exercise, stress, or hypoglycemia
    • Posterior lobe
      • Synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), which increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules and decreases urine output, thus maintaining blood pressure

    Thyroid Gland

    • Butterfly-shaped gland
    • Produces calcitonin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4)
    • Regulates energy and metabolism
    • Requires iodine intake
    • Major fluid loss can be triggered by hemorrhages; large amounts of ADH secretion will result in arteriolar vasoconstriction
    • Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, stimulated by TSH, increase glucose metabolism and heat production; essential for growth, development, and reproduction

    Parathyroid Gland

    • Composed of four glands
    • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), an antagonist of calcitonin, to regulate blood calcium
    • Targets bones, small intestines, and kidneys
    • Maintains blood calcium levels

    Adrenal Glands

    • Located superior to each kidney

    • Adrenal cortex

      • Secretes steroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (male androgens and female estrogens)
      • Essential for regulating sodium and potassium balance, as well as blood volume and pressure

    • Adrenal medulla

      • Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline, the "fight or flight" hormones.

    Pancreas

    • Secretes somatostatin to regulate insulin and glucagon (antagonists of each other).
    • Insulin, secreted by beta cells, is stimulated by hyperglycemia, enabling glucose entry into cells
    • Glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, is stimulated by hypoglycemia; it facilitates liver glycogen release increasing blood glucose

    Ovaries and Testes

    • The female and male reproductive organs, respectively, secrete hormones governing blood circulation, mental vigor, and sex drive.
      • Ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone, essential for the female reproductive system.
      • Testes produce testosterone, important for male physical development, bone density, and libido.

    Additional topics

    • discussed are aging effects on the endocrine system, various disorders like Pheochromocytoma and Addison's Disease, and Cushing's Syndrome
    • Additional details include the effects of chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and Crohn's disease on the endocrine system
    • Further topics cover Diabetes Insipidus, Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) along with the diagnostic testing/treatment, and various conditions affecting the pituitary gland
    • Also included are dwarfism and disorders relating to the thyroid and parathyroid glands, along with their respective signs and symptoms and treatment options
    • Further medical conditions such as thyroid disorders, including Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism are mentioned in the text along with their respective etiologies and presentations
    • The text also details treatment for conditions like acute pain, ineffective airway clearance, risk for injury, excess fluid volume and deficient fluid volume.
    • The text notes specific issues relating to various endocrine diseases as well as their potential risks like risk for injury from decreased bone density in Hyperparathyroidism
    • The text also covers other important information including complications, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment options for various conditions.

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    Module 1 (NHI III) PDF

    Description

    Endocrine system, adrenal disorders, pituitary disorders, thyroid & parathyroid disorders, diabetes

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