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Questions and Answers
What is the principal site of action for mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?
How are the actions of mineralocorticoids mediated?
What regulates the secretion of mineralocorticoids?
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
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How is cortisol's secretion controlled?
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What type of effects does cortisol exert?
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Where is testosterone primarily secreted from?
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What is the primary site of secretion for estrogens?
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What is the main role of progesterone in the female reproductive cycle?
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What is the single most important regulator of blood Ca++ levels?
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What is the second most important regulator of blood Ca++ levels?
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Which hormone is responsible for promoting vascularization and growth of the thyroid gland?
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What hormone stimulates the secretion of cortisol and controls the growth of the adrenal cortex?
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Which hormone is required for sperm production and stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles?
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Which hormone is responsible for regulating ovarian secretion of sex hormones and stimulating testes to secrete testosterone?
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Which hormone enhances breast development and milk production?
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Which hormone regulates urinary water loss, promotes renal water reabsorption, and regulates plasma volume and osmotic pressure?
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Which hormone stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding?
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What gland secretes melatonin, the 'hormone of darkness'?
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What are the two iodine-containing hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland?
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What are the three types of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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What are the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla?
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Which type of glands secrete biologically active chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream?
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What is the primary function of growth hormone?
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Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
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How are hormones transported through the bloodstream?
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What regulates hormonal secretion through timing/pattern, negative-feedback control, and end-product inhibition?
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What can result in endocrine disorders?
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Study Notes
- Week 15 of the MPharm Programme focuses on the Endocrine System.
- The Endocrine System consists of specialized ductless glands and neurosecretory cells scattered throughout the body.
- Endocrine glands secrete biologically active chemical messengers called hormones into the bloodstream.
- Hormones interact with target cells, leading to specific responses related to metabolism, growth, or reproduction.
- The Endocrine System regulates, integrates, coordinates, and controls important cellular, organ, and body functions.
- Functions include cellular metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, cell growth, development, reproduction, adaptation to stress, and control and integration of circulatory and digestive systems.
- Hormones can be classified chemically as amines and amino acid derivatives, polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, or hydrophilic or lipophilic.
- Hormones are synthesized through vesicle-mediated or non-vesicle-mediated pathways and transported through the bloodstream either free or bound to carrier proteins.
- Hormonal secretion can be controlled by the timing/pattern (pulsatile, cyclical, diurnal, or circadian), negative-feedback control, and end-product inhibition.
- Hormones produce their effects on target cells by interacting with specific receptors, which in turn activate effector systems within the cell.
- Endocrine disorders can result from hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones, abnormal target cell responsiveness, or a combination of these factors.
- The Endocrine System is divided into the central endocrine glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland) and peripheral endocrine glands (thyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, parathyroid glands, and gonads).
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland function cooperatively as 'master regulators' of the endocrine system.
- The hypothalamus serves as the brain's coordinating center for endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic nervous system functions and receives and integrates multiple brain signals to release hormones controlling pituitary secretions.
- Hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior pituitary secretions through stimulatory or inhibitory effects.
- The pituitary gland, the 'master gland,' secretes hormones that control the function of many target glands and cells, consisting of the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.
- Anterior pituitary hormones include growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.
- Posterior pituitary hormones are vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin.
- Growth hormone is the primary hormone for regulation of overall body growth, stimulating growth of soft tissues and bone, stimulating cell division and protein synthesis, promoting cartilage and bone growth, and playing an important role in intermediary metabolism.
- Growth hormone inhibits peripheral cellular glucose uptake and secretes insulin-like growth factors to promote growth.
- Growth hormone secretion is modulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, and ghrelin.
- Hormonal secretion is controlled by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, which are sent to the anterior pituitary, causing the pituitary to release stored tropic hormones into the systemic circulation.
- These tropic hormones then tell other endocrine organs in the body to grow and secrete their hormones.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of the endocrine system, covering general principles of endocrine function, types of hormones and signaling pathways, central and peripheral endocrine glands, and their respective hormones.
