Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the functions of hormones in the body?
What are the functions of hormones in the body?
Exocrine glands secrete nonhormonal chemicals into ducts, which transport chemicals to a specific location, while endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the ____________.
Exocrine glands secrete nonhormonal chemicals into ducts, which transport chemicals to a specific location, while endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the ____________.
bloodstream
Match the hormone with its function:
Match the hormone with its function:
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) = Causes kidney to form concentrated urine and conserve water Oxytocin = Stimulates uterus contraction during labor and causes the release of milk
The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two portions of the pituitary gland?
What are the two portions of the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of hormones in the endocrine system?
What is the main function of hormones in the endocrine system?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are lipid-soluble hormones secreted?
Where are lipid-soluble hormones secreted?
Signup and view all the answers
The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
Signup and view all the answers
The anterior pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland known as ___?
The anterior pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following hormones with their functions:
Match the following hormones with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to the Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones, which are chemical signals that affect the activity of other glands or tissues.
- Hormone functions include:
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Immune system response
- Homeostasis
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal chemicals into ducts that transport them to a specific location, and include:
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Mucous glands
- Digestive glands
- Salivary gland
Functions of Hormones
- Help regulate:
- Chemical composition and volume of internal environment (interstitial fluid)
- Metabolism and energy balance
- Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- Glandular secretions
- Some immune system activities
- Control growth and development
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems
- Help establish circadian rhythms
Classes of Hormones
- Lipid-soluble hormones:
- Steroid hormones
- Two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- The gas nitric oxide (NO)
- Water-soluble hormones:
- Amine hormones
- Peptide hormones and protein hormones
- Eicosanoid hormones
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus:
- Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic system
- Controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
- Located beneath the thalamus in the brain
- Considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system
- Pituitary gland:
- A small gland connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure
- Has two portions: anterior and posterior pituitary
- Anterior pituitary releases six types of hormones:
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH & LH)
- PRL (prolactin)
- MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
- GH (growth hormone)
- Posterior pituitary stores two hormones:
- Vasopressin (or ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck just below the larynx
- Produces:
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
- T3 and T4 stimulate and maintain metabolic rate, normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature
- Requires iodine for hormonal production
- Iodine deficiency can lead to simple goiter or creatinism
- Oversecretion of thyroid hormone can lead to Graves' disease
Parathyroid Hormone
- Produced by the parathyroid glands attached to the thyroid gland
- Regulates calcium levels in the blood by:
- Increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
- Increasing calcium uptake from the digestive system
- Important for promoting proper nerve and muscle function and maintaining bone structure
Adrenal Glands
- Located atop the kidneys
- Consist of:
- Adrenal cortex (outer portion, 80% of the gland)
- Adrenal medulla (inner portion, part of the sympathetic nervous system)
- Adrenal cortex produces hormones:
- Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
- Androgens (sex drive)
- Adrenal medulla secretes:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Reproductive Glands
- Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes and sex hormones
- Sex hormones regulate body changes that begin with puberty
- FSH and LH stimulate secretion of sex hormones from gonads
Pancreas
- Is both an exocrine (duct) and endocrine gland
- Hormone-producing cells are located in the islets of Langerhans
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
- Alpha cells: secretes glucagon
- Beta cells: secretes insulin
- Delta cells: secretes somatostatin
- F cells: secretes pancreatic polypeptide
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus Gland
- Located beneath the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs
- Consists mostly of T-cells
- Important role in the immune system
- Thymus gland secretes thymosin (an amino acid hormone)
- Stimulates formation of T cells and helps defend the body from pathogens
Pineal Gland
- Located near the base of the brain
- Secretes the hormone melatonin
- Melatonin concentration increases at night and regulates our daily sleep-wake cycle
- Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock located in the hypothalamus
Introduction to the Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones, which are chemical signals that affect the activity of other glands or tissues.
- Hormone functions include:
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Immune system response
- Homeostasis
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal chemicals into ducts that transport them to a specific location, and include:
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Mucous glands
- Digestive glands
- Salivary gland
Functions of Hormones
- Help regulate:
- Chemical composition and volume of internal environment (interstitial fluid)
- Metabolism and energy balance
- Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- Glandular secretions
- Some immune system activities
- Control growth and development
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems
- Help establish circadian rhythms
Classes of Hormones
- Lipid-soluble hormones:
- Steroid hormones
- Two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- The gas nitric oxide (NO)
- Water-soluble hormones:
- Amine hormones
- Peptide hormones and protein hormones
- Eicosanoid hormones
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus:
- Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic system
- Controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
- Located beneath the thalamus in the brain
- Considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system
- Pituitary gland:
- A small gland connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure
- Has two portions: anterior and posterior pituitary
- Anterior pituitary releases six types of hormones:
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH & LH)
- PRL (prolactin)
- MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
- GH (growth hormone)
- Posterior pituitary stores two hormones:
- Vasopressin (or ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck just below the larynx
- Produces:
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
- T3 and T4 stimulate and maintain metabolic rate, normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature
- Requires iodine for hormonal production
- Iodine deficiency can lead to simple goiter or creatinism
- Oversecretion of thyroid hormone can lead to Graves' disease
Parathyroid Hormone
- Produced by the parathyroid glands attached to the thyroid gland
- Regulates calcium levels in the blood by:
- Increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
- Increasing calcium uptake from the digestive system
- Important for promoting proper nerve and muscle function and maintaining bone structure
Adrenal Glands
- Located atop the kidneys
- Consist of:
- Adrenal cortex (outer portion, 80% of the gland)
- Adrenal medulla (inner portion, part of the sympathetic nervous system)
- Adrenal cortex produces hormones:
- Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
- Androgens (sex drive)
- Adrenal medulla secretes:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Reproductive Glands
- Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes and sex hormones
- Sex hormones regulate body changes that begin with puberty
- FSH and LH stimulate secretion of sex hormones from gonads
Pancreas
- Is both an exocrine (duct) and endocrine gland
- Hormone-producing cells are located in the islets of Langerhans
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
- Alpha cells: secretes glucagon
- Beta cells: secretes insulin
- Delta cells: secretes somatostatin
- F cells: secretes pancreatic polypeptide
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus Gland
- Located beneath the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs
- Consists mostly of T-cells
- Important role in the immune system
- Thymus gland secretes thymosin (an amino acid hormone)
- Stimulates formation of T cells and helps defend the body from pathogens
Pineal Gland
- Located near the base of the brain
- Secretes the hormone melatonin
- Melatonin concentration increases at night and regulates our daily sleep-wake cycle
- Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock located in the hypothalamus
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Learn about the endocrine system, its functions, and importance in the human body. Understand the role of hormones and how they affect various bodily functions.
