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Questions and Answers
What are the functions of hormones in the body?
Exocrine glands secrete nonhormonal chemicals into ducts, which transport chemicals to a specific location, while endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the ____________.
bloodstream
Match the hormone with its function:
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) = Causes kidney to form concentrated urine and conserve water Oxytocin = Stimulates uterus contraction during labor and causes the release of milk
The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
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What are the two portions of the pituitary gland?
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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What is the main function of hormones in the endocrine system?
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Where are lipid-soluble hormones secreted?
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The hypothalamus is considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system.
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The anterior pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland known as ___?
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Match the following hormones with their functions:
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Study Notes
Introduction to the Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones, which are chemical signals that affect the activity of other glands or tissues.
- Hormone functions include:
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Immune system response
- Homeostasis
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal chemicals into ducts that transport them to a specific location, and include:
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Mucous glands
- Digestive glands
- Salivary gland
Functions of Hormones
- Help regulate:
- Chemical composition and volume of internal environment (interstitial fluid)
- Metabolism and energy balance
- Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- Glandular secretions
- Some immune system activities
- Control growth and development
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems
- Help establish circadian rhythms
Classes of Hormones
- Lipid-soluble hormones:
- Steroid hormones
- Two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- The gas nitric oxide (NO)
- Water-soluble hormones:
- Amine hormones
- Peptide hormones and protein hormones
- Eicosanoid hormones
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus:
- Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic system
- Controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
- Located beneath the thalamus in the brain
- Considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system
- Pituitary gland:
- A small gland connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure
- Has two portions: anterior and posterior pituitary
- Anterior pituitary releases six types of hormones:
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH & LH)
- PRL (prolactin)
- MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
- GH (growth hormone)
- Posterior pituitary stores two hormones:
- Vasopressin (or ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck just below the larynx
- Produces:
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
- T3 and T4 stimulate and maintain metabolic rate, normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature
- Requires iodine for hormonal production
- Iodine deficiency can lead to simple goiter or creatinism
- Oversecretion of thyroid hormone can lead to Graves' disease
Parathyroid Hormone
- Produced by the parathyroid glands attached to the thyroid gland
- Regulates calcium levels in the blood by:
- Increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
- Increasing calcium uptake from the digestive system
- Important for promoting proper nerve and muscle function and maintaining bone structure
Adrenal Glands
- Located atop the kidneys
- Consist of:
- Adrenal cortex (outer portion, 80% of the gland)
- Adrenal medulla (inner portion, part of the sympathetic nervous system)
- Adrenal cortex produces hormones:
- Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
- Androgens (sex drive)
- Adrenal medulla secretes:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Reproductive Glands
- Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes and sex hormones
- Sex hormones regulate body changes that begin with puberty
- FSH and LH stimulate secretion of sex hormones from gonads
Pancreas
- Is both an exocrine (duct) and endocrine gland
- Hormone-producing cells are located in the islets of Langerhans
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
- Alpha cells: secretes glucagon
- Beta cells: secretes insulin
- Delta cells: secretes somatostatin
- F cells: secretes pancreatic polypeptide
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus Gland
- Located beneath the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs
- Consists mostly of T-cells
- Important role in the immune system
- Thymus gland secretes thymosin (an amino acid hormone)
- Stimulates formation of T cells and helps defend the body from pathogens
Pineal Gland
- Located near the base of the brain
- Secretes the hormone melatonin
- Melatonin concentration increases at night and regulates our daily sleep-wake cycle
- Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock located in the hypothalamus
Introduction to the Endocrine System
- The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones, which are chemical signals that affect the activity of other glands or tissues.
- Hormone functions include:
- Reproduction
- Growth and development
- Immune system response
- Homeostasis
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal chemicals into ducts that transport them to a specific location, and include:
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
- Sebaceous (oil) glands
- Mucous glands
- Digestive glands
- Salivary gland
Functions of Hormones
- Help regulate:
- Chemical composition and volume of internal environment (interstitial fluid)
- Metabolism and energy balance
- Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- Glandular secretions
- Some immune system activities
- Control growth and development
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems
- Help establish circadian rhythms
Classes of Hormones
- Lipid-soluble hormones:
- Steroid hormones
- Two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- The gas nitric oxide (NO)
- Water-soluble hormones:
- Amine hormones
- Peptide hormones and protein hormones
- Eicosanoid hormones
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- Hypothalamus:
- Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic system
- Controls the glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
- Located beneath the thalamus in the brain
- Considered the master switchboard for the endocrine system
- Pituitary gland:
- A small gland connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure
- Has two portions: anterior and posterior pituitary
- Anterior pituitary releases six types of hormones:
- TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
- Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH & LH)
- PRL (prolactin)
- MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
- GH (growth hormone)
- Posterior pituitary stores two hormones:
- Vasopressin (or ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck just below the larynx
- Produces:
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
- T3 and T4 stimulate and maintain metabolic rate, normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature
- Requires iodine for hormonal production
- Iodine deficiency can lead to simple goiter or creatinism
- Oversecretion of thyroid hormone can lead to Graves' disease
Parathyroid Hormone
- Produced by the parathyroid glands attached to the thyroid gland
- Regulates calcium levels in the blood by:
- Increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
- Increasing calcium uptake from the digestive system
- Important for promoting proper nerve and muscle function and maintaining bone structure
Adrenal Glands
- Located atop the kidneys
- Consist of:
- Adrenal cortex (outer portion, 80% of the gland)
- Adrenal medulla (inner portion, part of the sympathetic nervous system)
- Adrenal cortex produces hormones:
- Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
- Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
- Androgens (sex drive)
- Adrenal medulla secretes:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Reproductive Glands
- Gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes and sex hormones
- Sex hormones regulate body changes that begin with puberty
- FSH and LH stimulate secretion of sex hormones from gonads
Pancreas
- Is both an exocrine (duct) and endocrine gland
- Hormone-producing cells are located in the islets of Langerhans
- Islets of Langerhans produce:
- Alpha cells: secretes glucagon
- Beta cells: secretes insulin
- Delta cells: secretes somatostatin
- F cells: secretes pancreatic polypeptide
- Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
Thymus Gland
- Located beneath the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs
- Consists mostly of T-cells
- Important role in the immune system
- Thymus gland secretes thymosin (an amino acid hormone)
- Stimulates formation of T cells and helps defend the body from pathogens
Pineal Gland
- Located near the base of the brain
- Secretes the hormone melatonin
- Melatonin concentration increases at night and regulates our daily sleep-wake cycle
- Circadian rhythms are controlled by the biological clock located in the hypothalamus
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Description
Learn about the endocrine system, its functions, and importance in the human body. Understand the role of hormones and how they affect various bodily functions.
