C23- Endocrine System 1
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Questions and Answers

Cortisol, growth hormone, and TSH function in the same phase despite being in the same period.

False (B)

Neuroendocrine reflexes only involve hormonal components and no neural components.

False (B)

A pituitary adenoma can cause a disorder of endocrine release by affecting hypophysis function.

True (A)

Neurohormones are released directly into the bloodstream by neuroendocrine cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are released directly from postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamo-hypophysis axis only affects a single tissue type in the endocrine system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glands that act independently of the hypothalamo-hypophysis axis typically regulate very specific parameters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system functions sporadically without continuous operation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormones from the anterior hypophysis have limited action and target only one tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The action of hormones in the endocrine system is specific and limited to certain tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamo-hypophysis axis regulates the activity of several endocrine glands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trophism pertains solely to the growth of the hypothalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine glands under the influence of the hypothalamo-hypophysis axis have very specific targets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which increases Ca2+ plasma concentration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of K+ in kidney tubules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grehlin signals satiety and suppresses appetite.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretin stimulates secretion of glucagon from the pancreatic alpha cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes Na+ reabsorption in kidney tubules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin-like growth factor promotes growth in tissues such as bone.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatostatin inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leptin has no significant effect on appetite regulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renin activates aldosterone secretion by acting directly on renal tubules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The half-life of a hormone is the time it takes for its concentration to be reduced by one third of its original concentration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corticosteroid binding globulin is responsible for carrying insulin in the blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peptide hormones can circulate freely in the blood but may also bind to carriers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The half-life of a hormone directly corresponds to the duration of its hormonal effect.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones function by activating specific genes in the target cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The responsiveness of a hormone depends solely on the amount of hormone present in the blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are water soluble and can freely circulate in the blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biological effect of a hormone begins after a certain threshold of receptors is activated.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surface binding hydrophilic hormones mostly alter the activity of new intracellular proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Testosterone and estradiol are transported in the blood by sex steroid binding globulin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration and targets bone.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is classified as a peptide hormone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Testosterone promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Estrogen is responsible for promoting closure of the epiphyseal plate in males.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is involved in maintaining the corpus luteum during pregnancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal cortex produces the hormone androgen, which targets the brain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progesterone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine growth and regulating the menstrual cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroxine (T4) is essential for normal growth and has an amine chemical structure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System

A system that regulates physical processes using hormones.

Hypothalamo-hypophysis Axis

A complex that involves the hypothalamus and pituitary gland coordinating hormone release.

Trophism

Maintenance of tissue growth and function influenced by hormones.

Widespread Action of Hormones

Hormones affect multiple target organs or tissues.

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Anterior Hypophysis

The front part of the pituitary gland that releases several key hormones.

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Independent Endocrine Glands

Glands that regulate specific parameters without hypothalamic control.

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Hormonal Targets

Tissues or organs that respond to specific hormones.

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Single Parameter Control

The regulation of a specific aspect or process by certain glands.

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Thyroxine (T4)

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases metabolic rate.

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Triiodothyronin (T3)

A thyroid hormone important for metabolism and growth.

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Calcitonin

A hormone that decreases calcium concentration in the blood.

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Cortisol

A glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose in stress situations.

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Androgen

Hormones that promote male characteristics and pubertal growth.

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Estrogen

A hormone that governs female development and reproduction.

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Progesterone

A hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

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Testosterone

A hormone that stimulates sperm production and male characteristics.

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Inhibin

A hormone that inhibits FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

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Melatonin

A hormone from the pineal gland that regulates biological rhythms.

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Cortisol vs Growth Hormone

Cortisol and growth hormone operate in different phases despite the same period.

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Neuroendocrine Reflex

An endocrine system mechanism combining neural and hormonal components to increase hormone release.

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Pituitary Adenoma

A tumor affecting the pituitary gland that disrupts hormone release balance.

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Anterior Pituitary

The anterior pituitary releases hormones into the bloodstream to elicit long-lasting responses.

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Neurohormones

Hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells and released into the blood.

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Half-life of hormones

Time for hormone concentration to reduce to half its original amount.

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Factors affecting half-life

Depends on degradation rate and metabolic clearance rate.

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Duration of hormonal effect

Time hormone effects persist; not always equal to half-life.

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Steroid hormones transport

Steroid hormones bind to specific globulins in blood.

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Peptide/protein hormones

Often circulate free in blood; may bind to carriers.

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Hydrophilic hormones action

Bind to surface receptors, activating 2nd messengers inside the cell.

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Lipophilic hormones action

Activate genes in target cells to produce new proteins.

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Threshold for biological effect

Minimum receptor activation required for effect to occur.

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Saturation point

Maximum effect reached when all receptors are activated.

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Responsiveness regulation

Effect depends on hormone levels and receptor availability.

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Aldosterone

A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys.

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Insulin

A hormone produced by β cells in the pancreas that promotes the uptake and storage of glucose.

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Glucagon

A hormone produced by α cells in the pancreas that maintains glucose levels during fasting.

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Erythropoietin

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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Ghrelin

A hunger hormone produced in the stomach that signals appetite to the hypothalamus.

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Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose tissue that suppresses appetite and regulates body weight.

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Thymosin

A hormone secreted by the thymus that promotes the proliferation and function of lymphocytes.

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Secretin

A hormone produced in the small intestine that stimulates insulin secretion.

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Gastrin

A hormone from the stomach that controls digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System - Hypothalamo-Hypophysis Axis

  • The endocrine system maintains tissue trophism and metabolism.
  • Hormones from the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis affect numerous targets.
  • Glands under this axis receive hormones from the anterior pituitary, generally acting on widespread targets.
  • Independent glands control specific parameters with more defined targets.

Endocrine Glands Under Pituitary Control

Gland Hormone Target Role Chemical Structure
Thyroid gland Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Most cells Increases metabolic rate, essential for normal growth and nerve development Amine
Calcitonin Bone Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration Peptide
Adrenal cortex (Zona fasciculata) Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) Most cells Increases blood glucose, reduces protein and fat stores; stress response Steroid
Androgen Females: bone and brain Pubertal growth spurt; adaptation to stress Steroid
Ovaries (females) Estrogen Female sex organs and body Promotes follicular development, governs female secondary sexual characteristics, stimulates uterine and breast growth Steroid
Progesterone Uterus Prepares for pregnancy Steroid
Testes (males) Testosterone Male sex organs and body Stimulates sperm production, governs male secondary sexual characteristics, promotes sex drive Steroid

Endocrine Glands Independent of Pituitary Control

Gland Hormone Target Role Chemical Structure
Placenta Estrogen and Progesterone Female sex organs Maintains pregnancy; prepares breasts for lactation Steroid
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Ovarian corpus luteum Maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy Peptide
Melatonin Brain, anterior pituitary, reproductive organs Entrains body's biological rhythm; inhibits gonadotropins Peptide/small-molecule
Thyroid gland Calcitonin Bone Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration Peptide
Adrenal cortex (Zona glomerulosa) Aldosterone Kidney tubules Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion Steroid
Endocrine pancreas Insulin (β) Most cells Promotes cellular uptake, use, and storage of glucose Peptide
Glucagon (α) Most cells Maintains glucose levels in postabsorptive state Peptide
Somatostatin GIT Inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients Peptide
Kidneys Renin (activating angiotensin) Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex Stimulates aldosterone secretion; angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor Peptide
Erythropoietin Bone marrow Stimulates erythrocyte production Peptide
Stomach Grehlin Hypothalamus Signals hunger and appetite Peptide
Gastrin GIT, exocrine glands, smooth muscles Controls motility and secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption Peptide
Small intestine Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CKK) Endocrine pancreas, gallbladdar, liver Stimulates insulin secretion Peptide
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Endocrine pancreas Stimulates insulin secretion Peptide
Peptide YY3-36 Hypothalamus Signals satiety; suppresses appetite Peptide
Liver Insulin-like GF Bone and soft tissues Promotes growth Peptide/protein
Thrombopoietin Bone marrow Stimulates platelet production Peptide

Hypothalamus-Hypophysis Axis

  • The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary.
  • Releasing and inhibiting hormones regulate pituitary hormone release.
  • Posterior pituitary hormones are directly released into the blood.

Major Hypophysiotropic Hormones

  • Hormones regulate the release of other hormones.

Hormone Feedbacks

  • Negative feedback loops regulate hormone levels.
  • Hormones often have a variety of functions throughout the body; thyroid, cortisol, gonadotropins, and growth hormone, among others, have pervasive actions, impacting multiple bodily systems.
  • The brain's function is to monitor hormone levels. The correct level of a hormone should be associated to its specific function.
  • Positive feedback loops can occur, especially during processes involving amplification, such as childbirth.

Neuroendocrine Reflexes

  • Endocrine control systems can also involve neural components.
  • Hormones are capable of multiple actions across different organs.
  • Some controls involve basal hormone levels.

Pituitary Adenoma

  • Tumors in the pituitary can affect hormone production.

Types of Hormones

  • Hormones can be categorized based on chemical structure (peptides, steroids, amino acids, fatty acids).

Hormone Transport

  • Transport mechanisms in blood depend on hormone solubility.

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C23 - Endocrine Systems PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of the hypothalamo-hypophysis axis and its effects on various endocrine glands. This quiz covers the roles of hormones like thyroxine, cortisol, and others in regulating metabolism and growth. Test your understanding of the interactions between different glands and their targets.

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