Endocrine System Hormones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of glucagon in the body?

  • Facilitate the uptake of amino acids
  • Increase blood glucose levels (correct)
  • Decrease blood glucose levels
  • Speed up fat synthesis

Insulin promotes glycogenolysis to lower blood glucose levels.

False (B)

What triggers the release of insulin?

High blood glucose levels

Glycogen is converted into glucose through the process of ______.

<p>glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with their corresponding hormones:

<p>Glycogenesis = Insulin Gluconeogenesis = Glucagon Lipogenesis = Insulin Glycogenolysis = Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of glucagon in the body?

<p>Low blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin promotes the storage of lipids and amino acids, showing its anabolic effects.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

<p>Decreased blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon stimulates the liver to release glucose through _______ and gluconeogenesis.

<p>glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with the corresponding hormone:

<p>Glucagon = Stimulates gluconeogenesis Insulin = Promotes lipid storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas?

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas functions exclusively as an endocrine organ.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

<p>Secreting digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas contains __________ cells that produce insulin.

<p>beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pancreatic cell types with their functions:

<p>Alpha cells = Produce glucagon Beta cells = Produce insulin Islets of Langerhans = Endocrine function Exocrine cells = Secrete digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the locations of the parathyroid glands?

<p>Behind the thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parathyroid glands are located in the anterior part of the neck.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many parathyroid glands are present in the human neck?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right inferior parathyroid gland is located __________ to the thyroid gland.

<p>inferior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parathyroid glands to their positions:

<p>Right superior = 1 Left superior = 2 Right inferior = 3 Left inferior = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by parafollicular cells when calcium levels are high?

<p>Calcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PTH decreases blood calcium levels by promoting the breakdown of bone.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcitriol play in calcium regulation?

<p>Increases absorption of calcium from food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity is called __________.

<p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone with its primary effect on calcium levels:

<p>PTH = Increases blood calcium levels Calcitonin = Decreases blood calcium levels Calcitriol = Enhances calcium absorption None = No effect on calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

<p>Increase blood $Ca^{2+}$ levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases the activity of osteoclasts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one way in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels.

<p>Increases the number and activity of osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes the production of __________, which aids in the absorption of calcium.

<p>calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to their descriptions:

<p>Increases osteoclast activity = Breaks down bone to release calcium Slows loss of calcium in urine = Reduces calcium excretion from the body Promotes calcitriol production = Increases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium Decreases phosphate in blood = Increases phosphate excretion in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glucagon's Function

Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and create glucose from other molecules (gluconeogenesis).

Insulin's Action

Insulin helps glucose enter cells, converts glucose to glycogen, promotes amino acid/protein uptake, and speeds up fatty acid production.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar, triggering glucagon release.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar, triggering insulin release

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Feedback Control

The process where high blood sugar stimulates insulin release, and low blood sugar stimulates glucagon release, maintaining stable glucose levels.

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Glucagon's action

Glucagon is released when blood glucose is low, stimulating the liver to release glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or create new glucose (gluconeogenesis).

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Insulin's action

Insulin moves glucose to cells, lowers blood glucose, and increases glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells. It also promotes protein building and fat storing.

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Low blood glucose

A condition where the amount of glucose in the blood is below normal levels.

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High blood glucose

A condition where the amount of glucose in the blood is above normal levels.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) role

The autonomic nervous system influences the release of hormones like insulin and glucagon.

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Pancreas Function

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions, primarily secreting digestive enzymes (exocrine) and regulating blood sugar (endocrine).

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Pancreatic Islets

Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas, responsible for hormone production.

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Alpha Cells

Pancreatic islet cells that produce glucagon.

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Beta Cells

Pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.

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Blood Sugar Regulation

Glucagon and insulin, hormones produced by the alpha and beta cells, work together to maintain stable blood sugar levels.

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Parathyroid Glands Location

Small glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck

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Number of Parathyroid Glands

Four parathyroid glands are usually present in the human body

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Parathyroid Glands Position

Positioned in pairs (superior and inferior) on both left and right sides of the thyroid gland, a posterior aspect of the neck.

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Surrounding Structures

Trachea and esophagus are also located in the neck area near the parathyroid glands.

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Thyroid Gland Position

Relatively anterior in comparison to the parathyroid glands in the neck

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Calcitonin's Role

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).

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PTH's Effect on Calcium

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by releasing Ca2+ from bone and reducing loss in urine.

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Calcitriol's Function

Calcitriol increases calcium absorption from food, raising blood calcium levels.

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Parathyroid Hormone Stimulus

Low blood calcium levels stimulate the release of PTH.

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High Blood Calcium Trigger

High blood calcium levels induce the release of calcitonin.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) function

PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown, reducing calcium loss in urine, and promoting vitamin D activation.

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PTH effect on calcium and phosphate

PTH raises blood calcium by breaking down bone, and simultaneously increases phosphate loss in urine

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Calcirtrol's role

Calcitriol, activated vitamin D, stimulates nutrient absorption in the GI tract (gastrointestinal tract) specifically for calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.

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Osteoclasts' role in PTH

Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphate into the bloodstream, as a direct result of PTH.

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Parathyroid gland location

The parathyroid glands are small structures located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.

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