Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the endocrine system made of?
What is the endocrine system made of?
endocrine glands
Where are hormones released?
Where are hormones released?
into the bloodstream
What is the main characteristic of endocrine glands?
What is the main characteristic of endocrine glands?
they're ductless
Where are neurotransmitters released?
Where are neurotransmitters released?
What is a hormone?
What is a hormone?
Hormones must bind to a specific receptor.
Hormones must bind to a specific receptor.
What does insulin do?
What does insulin do?
What is type 1 diabetes?
What is type 1 diabetes?
What is a catabolic reaction?
What is a catabolic reaction?
What are the two regions of the pituitary gland?
What are the two regions of the pituitary gland?
What hormones does the posterior/neurohypophysis pituitary region release?
What hormones does the posterior/neurohypophysis pituitary region release?
What are oxytocin's targets?
What are oxytocin's targets?
What effect does oxytocin have on uterine smooth muscle?
What effect does oxytocin have on uterine smooth muscle?
What effect does oxytocin have on mammary glands?
What effect does oxytocin have on mammary glands?
What are ADH/antidiuretic/vassopressin's targets?
What are ADH/antidiuretic/vassopressin's targets?
What does vaso mean?
What does vaso mean?
What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?
What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?
What effect does ADH have on blood vessels?
What effect does ADH have on blood vessels?
What happens if urine output decreases?
What happens if urine output decreases?
What happens if blood volume increases?
What happens if blood volume increases?
What does an antidiuretic do?
What does an antidiuretic do?
What is hypotension?
What is hypotension?
What restores hypotension?
What restores hypotension?
Hormones are mostly homeostatic.
Hormones are mostly homeostatic.
What hormones does the anterior/adenohypophysis pituitary region release?
What hormones does the anterior/adenohypophysis pituitary region release?
What does growth hormone/GH target?
What does growth hormone/GH target?
What effect does GH have on bone?
What effect does GH have on bone?
What does TSH target?
What does TSH target?
What effect does TSH have on the thyroid gland?
What effect does TSH have on the thyroid gland?
What happens if thyroid hormone increases?
What happens if thyroid hormone increases?
What effect does ATCH have on the adrenal cortex?
What effect does ATCH have on the adrenal cortex?
What do gonadotropins target?
What do gonadotropins target?
What effect do gonadotropins have on the gonads?
What effect do gonadotropins have on the gonads?
What does prolactin target?
What does prolactin target?
What effect does prolactin have on the mammary glands?
What effect does prolactin have on the mammary glands?
What hormones does the thyroid gland release?
What hormones does the thyroid gland release?
What is calcitonin made by?
What is calcitonin made by?
What does calcitonin target?
What does calcitonin target?
What effect does calcitonin have on bone?
What effect does calcitonin have on bone?
What do osteoblasts do?
What do osteoblasts do?
What part of the body does TH target?
What part of the body does TH target?
What is TH made by?
What is TH made by?
What effect does TH have on most parts of the body?
What effect does TH have on most parts of the body?
Thyroid hormone is related to which condition?
Thyroid hormone is related to which condition?
Flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Hormone
Hormone
Chemical messengers that bind to specific receptors.
Insulin's Function
Insulin's Function
Lowers blood glucose levels.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
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Catabolic Reaction
Catabolic Reaction
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Anabolic Reaction
Anabolic Reaction
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Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
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Adenohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
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Oxytocin Targets
Oxytocin Targets
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ADH Targets
ADH Targets
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ADH Effect on Kidneys
ADH Effect on Kidneys
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Hypotension
Hypotension
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Adenohypophysis Hormones
Adenohypophysis Hormones
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Growth Hormone Target
Growth Hormone Target
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TSH Target
TSH Target
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ACTH Target
ACTH Target
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Gonadotropins Target
Gonadotropins Target
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Prolactin Target
Prolactin Target
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
Thyroid Gland Hormones
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Antidiuretic
Antidiuretic
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Calcitonin Effect
Calcitonin Effect
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PTH Targets
PTH Targets
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PTH Goal
PTH Goal
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Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
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Epinephrine Targets
Epinephrine Targets
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Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
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Cortisol Target
Cortisol Target
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Cortisol Effects
Cortisol Effects
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Aldosterone Target
Aldosterone Target
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Aldosterone Effects
Aldosterone Effects
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system comprises endocrine glands, which are ductless.
- Hormones, the chemical messengers, are released from these glands into the bloodstream as needed and must bind to specific receptors to exert their effects.
Hormone Functions
- Hormones are predominantly homeostatic.
- Insulin decreases blood glucose levels.
- In Type 1 diabetes, the body is unable to produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells.
- Type 2 diabetes involves an issue with hormone receptors.
Catabolic vs Anabolic Reactions
- Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules.
- Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis, or build-up, of molecules.
Pituitary Gland: Posterior (Neurohypophysis)
- The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.
- Oxytocin targets uterine smooth muscle, causing contraction, and mammary glands, increasing milk ejection.
- ADH targets the kidneys, increasing urine output, and blood vessels, causing vasoconstriction.
- Decreased urine output leads to increased blood volume and pressure.
- ADH, an antidiuretic, conserves water by reducing urine output and restores hypotension (low blood pressure).
- "Vaso-" refers to blood vessels.
Pituitary Gland: Anterior (Adenohypophysis)
- The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropins (FSH and LH), and prolactin.
- GH targets bone, stimulating growth.
- TSH targets the thyroid gland, stimulating thyroid hormone production; increased thyroid hormone leads to decreased TSH.
- ACTH targets the adrenal cortex, stimulating cortisol production.
- Gonadotropins target the gonads, stimulating gamete and sex hormone production.
- Prolactin targets mammary glands, stimulating milk production.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland releases calcitonin and thyroid hormone (TH).
- Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells.
- Calcitonin targets bone, promoting bone deposition and lowering blood calcium levels.
- Osteoblasts build bone by removing calcium from the bloodstream.
- Osteoclasts break down bone by releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
- TH is produced by follicular cells.
- TH targets most cells in the body, increasing metabolic rate and sensitivity to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and is related to hyper/hypothyroidism.
Parathyroid Gland
- The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH), it is closely located to, but not part of, the thyroid.
- PTH targets bone (increasing breakdown), kidneys (decreasing urinary calcium excretion), and the GI tract (increasing calcium absorption).
- PTH raises blood calcium levels. -"Renal" refers to the kidneys.
- Conditions related to PTH include hyper/hypoparathyroidism.
Adrenal Gland: Medulla
- The adrenal gland has two regions: the medulla and the cortex.
- The medulla releases epinephrine (and a little norepinephrine).
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine target the heart (increasing rate and contractility), smooth muscle (decreasing GI activity, causing bronchial dilation, and vascular relaxation/vasoconstriction), and glands (decreasing secretion).
Adrenal Gland: Cortex
- The cortex releases cortisol and aldosterone.
- Cortisol targets most cells in the body, raising blood glucose levels and acting as an anti-inflammatory.
- ACTH stimulates cortisol production.
- Production of cortisol is a catabolic reaction, and gluconeogenesis is related to cortisol.
- Cortisol is released during stress and suppresses the immune system and gluconeogenesis is new glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources (proteins and lipids).
- Aldosterone targets the kidneys, raising blood sodium levels, promoting sodium retention, lowering blood potassium levels, increasing potassium excretion, and raising blood volume/pressure.
- Water follows sodium (H2O follows Na+); increased sodium retention leads to increased water retention.
- Aldosterone release is caused by increased blood volume, increased potassium, and decreased sodium.
- Too much aldosterone can lead to decreased blood volume, decreased potassium, and increased sodium.
Endocrine Pancreas
- Pancreatic islets within the endocrine pancreas contain cells that release hormones.
- Pancreatic islets have beta and alpha cells.
- Beta cells produce insulin, which targets multiple tissues, lowers blood glucose by moving glucose out of the blood stream and into the cells.
- Insulin is anabolic; it stimulates protein, lipid, and glycogen (storage form of glucose) synthesis.
- Insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose and opposes glucagon.
- High blood sugar is hyperglycemia.
- Alpha cells produce glucagon, which targets multiple tissues and raises blood glucose levels.
- Glycogen, the storage form of glucose.
- Glucagon is a hormone from the pancreas.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
- Veins carry blood to the heart.
- Capillaries facilitate exchange between arteries and veins.
Heart Wall Layers
- The epicardium is the most superficial heart wall layer, containing blood vessels and arteries.
- The myocardium, the middle layer, consists of cardiac muscle that controls contraction and relaxation.
- The endocardium is the deepest layer, lining the chambers of the heart.
- The heart contains two atria and two ventricles (right and left of each).
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Description
An overview of the endocrine system, including hormone functions and glands. Includes the role of insulin in diabetes, catabolic and anabolic reactions, and the function of the posterior pituitary gland, including oxytocin and ADH.
