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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of phagocytic cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of phagocytic cells in the immune response?
Which type of immunity involves the activation of T cells and B cells?
Which type of immunity involves the activation of T cells and B cells?
What is the purpose of regulatory T cells in the immune response?
What is the purpose of regulatory T cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
What is the primary function of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?
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What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
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What type of feedback mechanism is commonly used in hormonal regulation?
What type of feedback mechanism is commonly used in hormonal regulation?
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What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
What is the primary function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
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What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
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Which type of cells are involved in the inflammatory response?
Which type of cells are involved in the inflammatory response?
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What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
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What is the primary function of Cortisol?
What is the primary function of Cortisol?
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What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of Insulin?
What is the primary function of Insulin?
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What is the primary function of Melatonin?
What is the primary function of Melatonin?
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What is the primary function of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
What is the primary function of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
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What is the primary function of Oxytocin?
What is the primary function of Oxytocin?
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What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
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Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?
Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?
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What is the process by which nutrients are transferred from the GI tract to the blood or lymph?
What is the process by which nutrients are transferred from the GI tract to the blood or lymph?
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
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Which enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach?
Which enzyme breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach?
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What is the result of acid from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus?
What is the result of acid from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus?
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Which hormone stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
Which hormone stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
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What is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules in the mouth?
What is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules in the mouth?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Regulates various body functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress responses.
- Consists of a network of glands that produce and release hormones.
Pituitary Gland
- Regulates reproductive processes.
- Produces hormones, including:
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL), which stimulates milk production
- Regulates various endocrine glands
Posterior Pituitary
- Produces hormones, including:
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
- Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection
Thyroid Gland
- Regulates metabolism, growth, and development.
- Produces hormones, including:
- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate
- Calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Glands
- Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
- Produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels.
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal Cortex:
- Produces hormones, including:
- Cortisol, which regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress
- Aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium balance
- Androgens, which contribute to sex characteristics
- Produces hormones, including:
- Adrenal Medulla:
- Produces hormones, including:
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine, which mediate the fight-or-flight response
- Produces hormones, including:
Pancreas
- Regulates blood glucose levels.
- Produces hormones, including:
- Insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels
- Glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
- Regulates reproduction and secondary sex characteristics.
- Produces hormones, including:
- Estrogens and Progesterone in ovaries
- Testosterone in testes
Pineal Gland
- Regulates sleep-wake cycles.
- Produces Melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.
Hormonal Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: Maintains homeostasis.
- Positive Feedback: Amplifies responses.
Immune System
- Defends the body against infectious organisms and other invaders through a series of steps called the immune response.
- Consists of various organs, cells, and proteins.
Innate Immunity (Non-specific)
- First Line of Defense: Skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.
- Second Line of Defense: Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.
- Phagocytes: Neutrophils and macrophages (engulf and digest pathogens).
- Natural Killer Cells: Destroy infected or cancerous cells.
- Inflammatory Response: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain; involves histamines and cytokines.
Adaptive Immunity (Specific)
- Lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.
- B Cells: Produce antibodies (humoral immunity).
- Plasma Cells: Secrete antibodies.
- Memory B Cells: Provide long-term immunity.
- T Cells: Attack infected cells (cell-mediated immunity).
- Helper T Cells: Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
- Cytotoxic T Cells: Destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
- Regulatory T Cells: Suppress immune response to maintain tolerance.
Organs and Tissues
- Primary Lymphoid Organs: Bone marrow and thymus.
- Secondary Lymphoid Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.
- Lymphatic System: Network of vessels and nodes that return interstitial fluid to the blood and provide sites for immune cell activation.
Digestive System
- Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate.
- Key Structures: Pancreatic ducts (secrete into duodenum).
- Key Processes:
- Ingestion: Taking in food via the mouth.
- Propulsion: Moving food through the GI tract (swallowing and peristalsis).
- Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food (chewing, churning in stomach).
- Chemical Digestion: Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into absorbable units.
- Absorption: Transfer of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph.
- Defecation: Elimination of indigestible substances and waste.
Digestive Enzymes and Hormones
- Salivary Amylase: Breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth.
- Pepsin: Breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach.
- Pancreatic Enzymes: Include trypsin (proteins), pancreatic amylase (carbohydrates), and pancreatic lipase (fats).
Common Disorders
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn.
- Peptic Ulcers: Sores in the stomach lining due to HCl and pepsin.
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Description
This quiz covers the functions of various hormones produced by the pituitary gland and thyroid gland, including FSH, LH, PRL, ADH, and oxytocin, and their roles in regulating reproductive processes, milk production, and water reabsorption.
