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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a way that exocrine glands secrete products?
Which of the following is NOT a way that exocrine glands secrete products?
- To the outer surface of the body
- Into the lumen of an organ
- Into the ducts
- Directly into the bloodstream (correct)
Endocrine glands have ducts that carry hormones to specific receptor sites.
Endocrine glands have ducts that carry hormones to specific receptor sites.
False (B)
What kind of fit do hormone-receptor interactions have?
What kind of fit do hormone-receptor interactions have?
lock and key
What is the chemical nature of peptide hormones?
What is the chemical nature of peptide hormones?
Steroid hormones are derived from amino acids.
Steroid hormones are derived from amino acids.
Why must peptide hormones be taken by injection?
Why must peptide hormones be taken by injection?
What is the term for the pituitary gland's other name?
What is the term for the pituitary gland's other name?
Where is the pituitary gland (AKA Master gland) located?
Where is the pituitary gland (AKA Master gland) located?
The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by a slender stalk called the ______.
The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by a slender stalk called the ______.
What is the most abundant hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the most abundant hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?
In a child, what does excess Hgh (Human Growth Hormone) result in?
In a child, what does excess Hgh (Human Growth Hormone) result in?
Excessive secretion after ossification of bone is complete causes an enlargement in the diameter of bone. What is this called?
Excessive secretion after ossification of bone is complete causes an enlargement in the diameter of bone. What is this called?
Undersecretion of Growth Hormone (Hgh) in a child can lead to dwarfism.
Undersecretion of Growth Hormone (Hgh) in a child can lead to dwarfism.
What is the name of the hormone that causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
What is the name of the hormone that causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) react with?
What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) react with?
Which of the following is a function of ACTH?
Which of the following is a function of ACTH?
What hormone is considered to be a Gonadotropic Hormone?
What hormone is considered to be a Gonadotropic Hormone?
What does low FSH in females cause?
What does low FSH in females cause?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate in females?
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate in females?
The pituitary gland excretes oxytocin and neuronal, which causes milk ejection.
The pituitary gland excretes oxytocin and neuronal, which causes milk ejection.
What effect does Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone have on the body?
What effect does Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone have on the body?
The posterior pituitary is controlled by ______.
The posterior pituitary is controlled by ______.
Where are the hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary gland actually made?
Where are the hormones secreted by the Posterior Pituitary gland actually made?
The pituitary gland synthesizes hormones which are stored next to the hypothalamus.
The pituitary gland synthesizes hormones which are stored next to the hypothalamus.
What is the function of Oxytocin?
What is the function of Oxytocin?
What term is another name for the Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)?
What term is another name for the Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)?
What stimulates the release of vasopressin?
What stimulates the release of vasopressin?
ADH stimulates the kidney tubules to absorb water, creating a lot of fluid to create urine formation
ADH stimulates the kidney tubules to absorb water, creating a lot of fluid to create urine formation
Why is ADH called vasopressin?
Why is ADH called vasopressin?
What is the condition caused by Insufficient amounts of ADH?
What is the condition caused by Insufficient amounts of ADH?
What effect does alchohol have on ADH?
What effect does alchohol have on ADH?
The Thyroid Gland is located superior to the larynx
The Thyroid Gland is located superior to the larynx
Lobes are connected to each other via the ______, a narrow band of tissue.
Lobes are connected to each other via the ______, a narrow band of tissue.
What is the function of the 2 Major Hormones Of the Thyroid Gland - Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
What is the function of the 2 Major Hormones Of the Thyroid Gland - Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?
Which acts faster and is more potent? T3 or T4
Which acts faster and is more potent? T3 or T4
What is the name of the amino acid that T4 and T3 derive from?
What is the name of the amino acid that T4 and T3 derive from?
The thyroid hormones are controlled by only the hypothalamus
The thyroid hormones are controlled by only the hypothalamus
What is the term to describe when elevated levels of T3 and T4 inhibit further secretion of TRF and TSH
What is the term to describe when elevated levels of T3 and T4 inhibit further secretion of TRF and TSH
What causes a goiter?
What causes a goiter?
Hyperthyroidism result in abnormally low hormone production. This condition commonly causes lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, decreased temp and low metabolic rate
Hyperthyroidism result in abnormally low hormone production. This condition commonly causes lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, decreased temp and low metabolic rate
What effect does Calcitonin (CT) have?
What effect does Calcitonin (CT) have?
The parathyroid gland also lowers calcium levels in the blood
The parathyroid gland also lowers calcium levels in the blood
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
The Adrenal Cortex (outer) constitutes very litle of the adrenal gland
The Adrenal Cortex (outer) constitutes very litle of the adrenal gland
What is the major secretory steroidal product of the adrenal cortex?
What is the major secretory steroidal product of the adrenal cortex?
Target cells of the Adrenal Medulla: most cells of the body
Target cells of the Adrenal Medulla: most cells of the body
What is the location of the pancreas?
What is the location of the pancreas?
These ducts collect ______ (not endocrine) secretions of the pancreas, i.e. digestive, water, bicarbonate, etc
These ducts collect ______ (not endocrine) secretions of the pancreas, i.e. digestive, water, bicarbonate, etc
What percentage of cells found in a typical islet are Alpha Cells?
What percentage of cells found in a typical islet are Alpha Cells?
Beta Cells (70%) – secrete the hormone glucagon (polypeptide)
Beta Cells (70%) – secrete the hormone glucagon (polypeptide)
What hormone do the Beta Cells secrete?
What hormone do the Beta Cells secrete?
Flashcards
Low FSH in females
Low FSH in females
Can cause infertility and lack of monthly cycles.
Low FSH in males
Low FSH in males
Can cause infertility and sexual dysfunction.
Target cells of hormones
Target cells of hormones
Most tissues in the body responsive to hormones.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
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Renin
Renin
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Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I
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Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II
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DHEA
DHEA
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Estrogens
Estrogens
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Leptin
Leptin
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Functions of white fat
Functions of white fat
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Satiety
Satiety
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Leptin resistance
Leptin resistance
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Ghrelin
Ghrelin
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Ghrelin function
Ghrelin function
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Ghrelin production
Ghrelin production
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Growth hormone stimulation
Growth hormone stimulation
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Short term energy balance
Short term energy balance
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Leptin levels
Leptin levels
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Obesity and leptin
Obesity and leptin
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Interaction of leptin and insulin
Interaction of leptin and insulin
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Long term energy balance
Long term energy balance
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Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
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Function of brown fat
Function of brown fat
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Leptin and appetite
Leptin and appetite
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Estrogen production
Estrogen production
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Role of fat cells
Role of fat cells
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DHEA’s conversion
DHEA’s conversion
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Ghrelin in anorexia
Ghrelin in anorexia
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- Endocrine glands are ductless, releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream
- Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts, lumens, or surfaces
- Some glands act in both endocrine and other systems (e.g., pancreas)
- Hormones interact with specific receptor sites on target cells, causing a response
- Peptide hormones (composed of amino acids) bind to cell surface receptors
- Steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol) pass through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors
Hormone Action
- Hormone action is a "lock-and-key" fit: hormone (key) must fit receptor (lock) for an effect
- Target tissue cells have specific receptors for a given hormone, located on the cell surface or within the cell
- Steroid hormones enter the cell; peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface
- Hormones are regulated by negative feedback loops, controlling their production, to maintain homeostasis
Control of Hormone Action
- Hormone amounts are released based on the body's immediate need
- Hormones can act within seconds or take several hours to produce an effect
- Hormone actions are controlled by:
- Negative feedback systems: responses to increased or decreased levels of hormones
- Tropic hormones: one hormone stimulates the production of another
- Nervous system: nerves stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones
Pituitary Gland
- Acts as the "master gland," controlling multiple other endocrine glands
- Has two lobes:
- Anterior pituitary: controlled by hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors
- Posterior pituitary: controlled by nerve stimulation
- Secretes various hormones to regulate several bodily functions; its hormones regulate many other glands
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck, releases thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- Regulates metabolism, growth, and development
- Thyroid function is controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary via the negative feedback system controlling thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenal Glands
- Located above the kidneys, has two regions:
- Cortex: outer layer, produces steroid hormones (cortisol, aldosterone)
- Medulla: inner layer, produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
- Involved in stress response, fluid balance, and metabolism
Ovaries
- Female reproductive organs releasing hormones that influence sexual development and reproduction
- Main hormones: estrogen, progesterone
- Other hormones: relaxin, inhibin, testosterone
Testes
- Male reproductive organs, releasing testosterone, which promotes male sexual characteristics and reproduction
Pineal Gland
- Located in the brain
- Produces melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles and other biological rhythms
Pancreas
- Has exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (hormones) functions
- Endocrine portion: Islets of Langerhans, secreting:
- Insulin (decreases blood sugar)
- Glucagon (increases blood sugar)
- Somatostatin (inhibits other hormones)
Small Intestine
- Releases hormones (secretin, cholecystokinin) to aid digestion
Stomach
- Releases gastrin to stimulate stomach acid production
Other hormones
- There are other hormones mentioned in the text but they have been summarized above
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Description
Overview of the endocrine system, including the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. Explains hormone action, emphasizing the lock-and-key fit between hormones and receptors. Focuses on how negative feedback loops regulate hormone production to maintain homeostasis.
