Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the endocrine system?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with the endocrine system?
- Closely works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
- Uses hormones for communication
- Possesses ducts to transport secretions (correct)
- Direct secretion into the bloodstream
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain within the sella turcica of the temporal bone.
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain within the sella turcica of the temporal bone.
False (B)
The anterior pituitary, also known as the ______, is one of the two major lobes of the pituitary gland.
The anterior pituitary, also known as the ______, is one of the two major lobes of the pituitary gland.
adenohypophysis
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?
What is the main function of the hormone prolactin (PRL)?
What is the main function of the hormone prolactin (PRL)?
The adrenal glands are located:
The adrenal glands are located:
The adrenal cortex produces catecholamines, while the adrenal medulla produces steroid hormones.
The adrenal cortex produces catecholamines, while the adrenal medulla produces steroid hormones.
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces ______, which regulates sodium and potassium balance.
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces ______, which regulates sodium and potassium balance.
Which hormone primarily increases blood sugar levels by breaking down fats and proteins?
Which hormone primarily increases blood sugar levels by breaking down fats and proteins?
What is the primary function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What is the primary function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
What is the main function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
What is the main function of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine primarily focuses on maintaining blood pressure and alertness, while norepinephrine prepares the body for the 'fight-or-flight' response.
Epinephrine primarily focuses on maintaining blood pressure and alertness, while norepinephrine prepares the body for the 'fight-or-flight' response.
The thyroid gland is located in the ______, below the larynx and in front of the trachea.
The thyroid gland is located in the ______, below the larynx and in front of the trachea.
Which structure is NOT a part of the thyroid gland?
Which structure is NOT a part of the thyroid gland?
What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
Match the following pituitary gland parts with their associated hormones:
Match the following pituitary gland parts with their associated hormones:
If an individual has low body temperature, the hypothalamus:
If an individual has low body temperature, the hypothalamus:
Increased body temperature causes the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
Increased body temperature causes the hypothalamus to secrete TRH.
TSH stimulates ______ cells of the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (TH).
TSH stimulates ______ cells of the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (TH).
What is the effect of thyroid hormone (TH) on metabolic activities?
What is the effect of thyroid hormone (TH) on metabolic activities?
The adrenal medulla directly responds to:
The adrenal medulla directly responds to:
The adrenal cortex contains chromaffin cells.
The adrenal cortex contains chromaffin cells.
The zona ______ produces weak male sex hormones that convert into testosterone and estrogen.
The zona ______ produces weak male sex hormones that convert into testosterone and estrogen.
In the RAAS system, what does ACE stand for?
In the RAAS system, what does ACE stand for?
Match the hormones with their primary functions:
Match the hormones with their primary functions:
In the adrenal gland, which hormone increases blood sugar by breaking down fats and proteins?
In the adrenal gland, which hormone increases blood sugar by breaking down fats and proteins?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid follicles produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid follicles produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
Within the thyroid gland, ______ ensures rapid hormone transport into circulation.
Within the thyroid gland, ______ ensures rapid hormone transport into circulation.
What substance is essential for the thyroid to create hormones?
What substance is essential for the thyroid to create hormones?
Match the anatomical structures with their primary functions:
Match the anatomical structures with their primary functions:
Flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream without using ducts.
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
Base of brain within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, weighing approximately 0.5g in adults.
Adenohypophysis
Adenohypophysis
The anterior pituitary lobe, derived from the developing oral cavity.
Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
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Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin (PRL)
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) & Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Gland
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Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Cortex
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Androgens (e.g., DHEA)
Androgens (e.g., DHEA)
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Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla
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Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
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Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Follicles
Thyroid Follicles
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Follicular cells
Follicular cells
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Colloid
Colloid
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Parafollicular Cells
Parafollicular Cells
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Study Notes
- Endocrine glands are discussed
Endocrine System
- Consists of glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream
- It has no ducts
- Works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
- Provides long-lasting effects via hormones
- Hormones include insulin, cortisol, and thyroid hormones
Major Endocrine Glands
- Pituitary
- Adrenal
- Thyroid
- Pineal
- Pancreatic Islets
- Parathyroid
Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
- Located at the base of the brain within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
- Weighs 0.5g in adults
- Measures 10 X 13 X 6 mm
- Forms in the embryo partly from the developing brain and partly from the developing oral cavity
- Has 2 major lobes
- Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
- Pars tuberalis
- Pars intermedia
- Pars distalis
- Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary)
- Infundibular stalk
- Pars nervosa
- Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
- Adenohypophysis hormones
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Neurohypophysis hormones
- Oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Reminder: The Big Red Parrot Takes Everything: Trigger, Brain (Hypothalamus), Releasing Hormones, Pituitary Gland, Target Organs, Effect on the Body
Adrenal Gland
- Located on top of the kidney
- Flattened, half-moon shape
- Measures 4-6 cm in length, 1-2 cm in width, and 4-6 mm in thickness in adults
- Combined weight is 8g
- Has 2 regions
- Cortex: Produces steroid hormones
- Medulla: Produces catecholamines
- Adrenal Cortex hormones
- Zona Glomerulosa: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)
- Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) balance, maintaining blood pressure
- Triggered by low sodium or high potassium levels, or low blood pressure (activates Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone System or RAAS)
- Increases Na+ reabsorption and water retention in kidneys, increases K+ excretion, and raises blood pressure
- Zona Fasciculata: Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
- Manages stress, regulates metabolism, and suppresses inflammation
- Triggered by ACTH from the pituitary gland, physical/emotional stress, or low blood glucose
- Increases blood sugar by breaking down fats and proteins (gluconeogenesis), suppresses immune function, and helps the body cope with long-term stress
- Zona Reticularis: Androgens (e.g., DHEA)
- Produces weak male sex hormones that convert into testosterone and estrogen
- Triggered by ACTH stimulation from the pituitary gland
- Contributes to secondary sex characteristics, maintains libido, and supports estrogen production (especially in postmenopausal women)
- Zona Glomerulosa: Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)
- Adrenal Medulla hormones
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
- Prepares the body for "fight-or-flight" response, increases heart rate/blood pressure, and energy availability
- Triggered by physical/emotional stress, low blood sugar, or signals from the sympathetic nervous system
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates airways, increases glucose release, and boosts blood flow to muscles
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
- Works alongside epinephrine and focuses more on maintaining blood pressure and alertness
- Triggered by sympathetic nervous system activation (stress, low blood pressure, danger)
- Constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure, increases alertness/focus, and enhances blood flow to essential organs
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the neck, below the larynx, in front of the trachea
- Butterfly-shaped and reddish-brown
- Produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4
- Parts include
- Right lobe
- Left lobe
- Isthmus
- Pyramidal lobe
- Main components
- Thyroid follicles
- Spherical structures filled with colloid
- Function is to produce and store thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
- Follicular cells/thyrocytes
- A simple epithelium lining that surrounds the follicles
- Function is to absorb iodine and synthesize thyroid hormones
- Colloid
- A protein-rich substance inside follicles containing thyroglobulin
- Stores thyroid hormone precursors until needed
- Parafollicular cells/C cells
- Scattered between follicles, larger and paler than follicular cells
- Function is to secrete calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels
- Capillaries
- surround the follicles
- Ensure rapid hormone transport into circulation
- Thyroid follicles
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