40 Questions
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To maintain homeostasis and regulate various bodily functions
What is a characteristic feature of endocrine glands?
They are ductless and release hormones directly into the blood
What is synthesized from cholesterol?
Lipids
What is the term for hormones released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity?
Paracrine
What type of signals do the endocrine system and nervous system have in common?
Chemical signals
What is the role of hormones in the body?
To function as chemical messengers
What is the main difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
All of the above
What is the term for hormones secreted into the environment to modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species?
Pheromones
What is an example of a monoamine?
Epinephrine
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating water balance?
To maintain homeostasis
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To secrete hormones into the blood
Which of the following is an example of a hormone that affects very distant organs or cells?
Insulin
What is the term for hormones secreted by nerve cells that affect other cells?
Neurohormones
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating heart rate and blood pressure?
To regulate heart rate and blood pressure
What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
Released as part of fight or flight response
What is the target tissue of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex?
Kidneys
What is the function of cortisol in the adrenal cortex?
Increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses
What is the function of insulin in the pancreas?
Regulates blood glucose levels
What is the function of glucagon in the pancreas?
Increases blood glucose levels
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Carries out immune responses
What is nonspecific resistance in the lymphatic system?
Provides general protection against a wide range of pathogens
What is adaptive immunity in the lymphatic system?
Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen
What is the primary target tissue of FSH in males?
Seminiferous tubules
Which type of hormone includes steroids and eicosanoids?
Lipid hormones
What is the function of prolactin in the mammary glands?
Milk production
What is the effect of low ADH levels on the kidneys?
Production of large amounts of dilute urine
What type of hormone is growth hormone?
Water-soluble hormone
What is the function of oxytocin in the uterus?
Increases uterine contractions during labor
What is a common feature of water-soluble hormones?
Includes proteins, peptides, and amino acids
What is the target tissue of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Kidneys
What is the primary function of skin and mucous membranes in the body's defense?
Acting as mechanical defenses
Which of the following is an example of a chemical defense mechanism?
Sebum production
What is the role of phagocytes in the body's internal defense?
Engulfing and digesting foreign particles
What is the primary function of cytokines in the body's defense?
Stimulating or inhibiting many normal cell functions
What is the characteristic feature of cell-mediated immunity?
Proliferation and differentiation of T cells
What is the role of helper T cells in antibody-mediated immunity?
Costimulating B cells
What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?
Defending against specific invading agents
What is the characteristic feature of antigens?
They are recognized as foreign substances
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated
What is the role of inflammation in the body's defense?
Eliminating foreign particles and microorganisms
Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Controls homeostasis, maintains water balance, and regulates metabolism and growth
- Monitors blood glucose levels and aids the immune system
- Regulates heart rate and blood pressure, and controls uterine contractions and milk production
- Reproductive functions, includes pheromones that modify behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species
Hormones
- Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands or tissues into the blood
- Travel everywhere the blood goes, affecting only target cells with receptors
- May affect very distant organs or cells
Types of Hormones
- Water soluble: includes proteins, peptides, and amino acids, most common type
- Lipid hormones: includes steroids and eicosanoids, synthesized from cholesterol
Regulation of Hormones
- Blood levels of chemicals, such as blood glucose levels, regulate hormone secretion
- Other hormones, such as insulin, regulate hormone secretion
Endocrine Glands
- Release secretions into the blood, without ducts
- Examples: pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas
Pituitary Gland
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): regulates water conservation, targets kidneys
- Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during labor, targets uterus
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine, released in fight or flight response
- Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, regulates electrolyte and water balance, targets kidneys
- Cortisol, regulates breakdown of fat and protein for energy, targets most tissues
Pancreas
- Insulin: regulates blood glucose levels, targets liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
- Glucagon: regulates blood glucose levels, targets liver
Lymphatic System
- Carries out immune responses, including defense against pathogens
- Consists of lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and lymph fluid
Disease Resistance
- Nonspecific resistance (innate immunity): present at birth, provides general protection against pathogens
- Immunity (adaptive immunity): involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen
Immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity: recognizes and eliminates antigens through T cells
- Antibody-mediated immunity: recognizes and eliminates antigens through B cells and antibodies
Adaptive Immunity
- Ability of the body to defend against specific invading agents
- Has specificity and memory, divided into cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
This quiz covers the functions of the endocrine system, including controlling homeostasis, maintaining water balance, and regulating uterine contractions.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
