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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
- To produce hormones that affect only the brain
- To maintain homeostasis and regulate various bodily functions (correct)
- To control the nervous system
- To regulate the immune system
What is a characteristic feature of endocrine glands?
What is a characteristic feature of endocrine glands?
- They are only present in the brain and heart
- They respond quickly to chemical signals
- They are ductless and release hormones directly into the blood (correct)
- They release secretions to tissues by ducts
What is synthesized from cholesterol?
What is synthesized from cholesterol?
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (correct)
- Nucleic acids
What is the term for hormones released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity?
What is the term for hormones released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity?
What type of signals do the endocrine system and nervous system have in common?
What type of signals do the endocrine system and nervous system have in common?
What is the role of hormones in the body?
What is the role of hormones in the body?
What is the main difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
What is the main difference between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
What is the term for hormones secreted into the environment to modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species?
What is the term for hormones secreted into the environment to modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species?
What is an example of a monoamine?
What is an example of a monoamine?
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating water balance?
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating water balance?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Which of the following is an example of a hormone that affects very distant organs or cells?
Which of the following is an example of a hormone that affects very distant organs or cells?
What is the term for hormones secreted by nerve cells that affect other cells?
What is the term for hormones secreted by nerve cells that affect other cells?
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating heart rate and blood pressure?
What is the role of the endocrine system in regulating heart rate and blood pressure?
What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
What is the target tissue of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex?
What is the target tissue of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex?
What is the function of cortisol in the adrenal cortex?
What is the function of cortisol in the adrenal cortex?
What is the function of insulin in the pancreas?
What is the function of insulin in the pancreas?
What is the function of glucagon in the pancreas?
What is the function of glucagon in the pancreas?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is nonspecific resistance in the lymphatic system?
What is nonspecific resistance in the lymphatic system?
What is adaptive immunity in the lymphatic system?
What is adaptive immunity in the lymphatic system?
What is the primary target tissue of FSH in males?
What is the primary target tissue of FSH in males?
Which type of hormone includes steroids and eicosanoids?
Which type of hormone includes steroids and eicosanoids?
What is the function of prolactin in the mammary glands?
What is the function of prolactin in the mammary glands?
What is the effect of low ADH levels on the kidneys?
What is the effect of low ADH levels on the kidneys?
What type of hormone is growth hormone?
What type of hormone is growth hormone?
What is the function of oxytocin in the uterus?
What is the function of oxytocin in the uterus?
What is a common feature of water-soluble hormones?
What is a common feature of water-soluble hormones?
What is the target tissue of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the target tissue of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is the primary function of skin and mucous membranes in the body's defense?
What is the primary function of skin and mucous membranes in the body's defense?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical defense mechanism?
Which of the following is an example of a chemical defense mechanism?
What is the role of phagocytes in the body's internal defense?
What is the role of phagocytes in the body's internal defense?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the body's defense?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the body's defense?
What is the characteristic feature of cell-mediated immunity?
What is the characteristic feature of cell-mediated immunity?
What is the role of helper T cells in antibody-mediated immunity?
What is the role of helper T cells in antibody-mediated immunity?
What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?
What is the primary function of adaptive immunity?
What is the characteristic feature of antigens?
What is the characteristic feature of antigens?
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
What is the role of inflammation in the body's defense?
What is the role of inflammation in the body's defense?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Controls homeostasis, maintains water balance, and regulates metabolism and growth
- Monitors blood glucose levels and aids the immune system
- Regulates heart rate and blood pressure, and controls uterine contractions and milk production
- Reproductive functions, includes pheromones that modify behavior and physiology of other individuals in the same species
Hormones
- Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands or tissues into the blood
- Travel everywhere the blood goes, affecting only target cells with receptors
- May affect very distant organs or cells
Types of Hormones
- Water soluble: includes proteins, peptides, and amino acids, most common type
- Lipid hormones: includes steroids and eicosanoids, synthesized from cholesterol
Regulation of Hormones
- Blood levels of chemicals, such as blood glucose levels, regulate hormone secretion
- Other hormones, such as insulin, regulate hormone secretion
Endocrine Glands
- Release secretions into the blood, without ducts
- Examples: pituitary gland, adrenal glands, pancreas
Pituitary Gland
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): regulates water conservation, targets kidneys
- Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during labor, targets uterus
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine, released in fight or flight response
- Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, regulates electrolyte and water balance, targets kidneys
- Cortisol, regulates breakdown of fat and protein for energy, targets most tissues
Pancreas
- Insulin: regulates blood glucose levels, targets liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue
- Glucagon: regulates blood glucose levels, targets liver
Lymphatic System
- Carries out immune responses, including defense against pathogens
- Consists of lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and lymph fluid
Disease Resistance
- Nonspecific resistance (innate immunity): present at birth, provides general protection against pathogens
- Immunity (adaptive immunity): involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen
Immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity: recognizes and eliminates antigens through T cells
- Antibody-mediated immunity: recognizes and eliminates antigens through B cells and antibodies
Adaptive Immunity
- Ability of the body to defend against specific invading agents
- Has specificity and memory, divided into cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
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