Questions and Answers
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands
How are hormones transported through the body?
By the bloodstream
List 5 functions of hormones.
Stimulate exocrine glands, stimulate endocrine glands, regulate growth and development, regulate metabolism, maintain fluid and chemical balance, control various sex processes
Where is the adrenal gland located?
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Where are the ovaries located?
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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Where are the testes located?
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Where is the parathyroid gland located?
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Where is the pancreas located?
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What is insulin produced by?
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What does lactogenic pituitary do?
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What is somatotropin produced by?
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What does parathormone do?
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What does testosterone do?
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What does thyroxine do?
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What does thyrotrophin do?
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What does adrenaline do?
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What does vasopressin do?
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What do mineralocorticoids do?
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What do estrogens do?
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What does progesterone do?
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What is affected in diabetes mellitus?
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What is affected in Cushing's syndrome?
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What is affected in giantism?
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What is affected in hyperthyroidism?
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What is affected in Addison's disease?
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What is affected in acromegaly?
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What is affected in hypoparathyroidism?
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What is affected in cretinism?
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What is affected in dwarfism?
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What is affected in goiter?
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What is the thymus and what is its function?
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What is the name of the temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy and what happens to it after the birth of the child?
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What is the pineal body and what is its function?
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What are the gonads or sex glands of the male?
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What are the gonads of the female?
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List 6 symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
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Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
- Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
- Transported through the body by the bloodstream.
- Functions include:
- Stimulating both exocrine and endocrine glands.
- Regulating growth, development, metabolism, and fluid balance.
- Controlling various sexual processes.
Major Endocrine Glands and Their Locations
- Adrenal Glands: Located above each kidney.
- Ovaries: Positioned on each side of the uterus in females.
- Pituitary Gland: Found under the brain within the sella turcica.
- Thyroid Gland: Situated in front of the upper part of the trachea.
- Testes: Located in the scrotal sac of males.
- Parathyroid Glands: Found behind and attached to the thyroid.
- Pancreas: Glandular organ located behind the stomach.
Key Hormones and Their Functions
- Insulin (from the pancreas): Involved in glucose metabolism.
- Lactogenic Hormone (from the pituitary): Stimulates milk secretion.
- Somatotropin (Growth Hormone from pituitary): Promotes normal body growth.
- Parathormone (from parathyroid): Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
- Testosterone (from testes): Supports growth of male sex organs.
- Thyroxine (from thyroid): Increases metabolic rate and promotes growth.
- Thyrotrophin (from pituitary): Stimulates thyroid growth and secretion.
- Adrenaline (from adrenal glands): Activates the sympathetic nervous system.
- Vasopressin (from pituitary): (Antidiuretic hormone) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
- Mineralocorticoids (from adrenals): Regulates sodium and potassium levels.
- Estrogens (from ovaries): Promotes female sex organ development.
- Progesterone (from ovaries): Maintains the uterine lining.
Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus: Affects the pancreas.
- Cushing's Syndrome: Impacts the adrenal glands.
- Giantism: Caused by abnormalities in the pituitary gland.
- Hyperthyroidism: Involves overactivity of the thyroid gland.
- Addison's Disease: Affects the adrenal glands leading to insufficient hormone production.
- Acromegaly: Results from pituitary gland dysfunction.
- Hypoparathyroidism: Involves the parathyroid gland.
- Cretinism: Associated with thyroid gland deficits.
- Dwarfism: Related to hormone issues from the pituitary gland.
- Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Additional Endocrine Structures
- Thymus: Located in the upper chest, activates immune cells early in life and atrophies during puberty.
- Placenta: Temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy that is expelled post-birth.
- Pineal Body: Small brain structure that produces melatonin for regulating sleep/wake cycles.
Gonads
- Male Gonads: Testes.
- Female Gonads: Ovaries.
Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
- Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar levels.
- Polyuria: Increased urination.
- Polydipsia: Increased thirst.
- Polyphagia: Increased hunger.
- Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in urine.
- Weight loss: Often occurs despite increased appetite.
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Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with this set of flashcards. Learn about hormones, their functions, and how they are transported in the body. Perfect for anyone studying biology or health sciences.
