Endocrine System Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands

How are hormones transported through the body?

By the bloodstream

List 5 functions of hormones.

Stimulate exocrine glands, stimulate endocrine glands, regulate growth and development, regulate metabolism, maintain fluid and chemical balance, control various sex processes

Where is the adrenal gland located?

<p>Above each kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the ovaries located?

<p>On each side of the uterus in the female</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located?

<p>Under the brain in the sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located?

<p>In front of the upper part of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the testes located?

<p>In the scrotal sac of the male</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

<p>Behind and attached to the thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pancreas located?

<p>Glandular organ behind the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin produced by?

<p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lactogenic pituitary do?

<p>Stimulates secretion of milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is somatotropin produced by?

<p>Pituitary gland, growth hormone that stimulates normal body growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does parathormone do?

<p>Regulates amount of calcium in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does testosterone do?

<p>Stimulates growth and development of sex organs in male</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thyroxine do?

<p>Increases metabolic rate, stimulates physical and mental growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does thyrotrophin do?

<p>Stimulates growth and secretion of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adrenaline do?

<p>Activates the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vasopressin do?

<p>Antidiuretic, promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do mineralocorticoids do?

<p>Regulate reabsorption of sodium in kidney and elimination of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do estrogens do?

<p>Promotes growth and development of sex organs in female</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does progesterone do?

<p>Maintains lining of uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in diabetes mellitus?

<p>Pancreas gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in Cushing's syndrome?

<p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in giantism?

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in hyperthyroidism?

<p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in Addison's disease?

<p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in acromegaly?

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in hypoparathyroidism?

<p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in cretinism?

<p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in dwarfism?

<p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affected in goiter?

<p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thymus and what is its function?

<p>A mass of tissue in the upper chest; it activates cells in the immune system in early life and atrophies during puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the temporary endocrine gland produced during pregnancy and what happens to it after the birth of the child?

<p>Placenta; it is expelled from the mother's body (called afterbirth)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pineal body and what is its function?

<p>A small structure located in the brain; it produces melatonin, adrenoglomerulotropin, and serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gonads or sex glands of the male?

<p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gonads of the female?

<p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

List 6 symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

<p>Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones and Their Functions

  • Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
  • Transported through the body by the bloodstream.
  • Functions include:
    • Stimulating both exocrine and endocrine glands.
    • Regulating growth, development, metabolism, and fluid balance.
    • Controlling various sexual processes.

Major Endocrine Glands and Their Locations

  • Adrenal Glands: Located above each kidney.
  • Ovaries: Positioned on each side of the uterus in females.
  • Pituitary Gland: Found under the brain within the sella turcica.
  • Thyroid Gland: Situated in front of the upper part of the trachea.
  • Testes: Located in the scrotal sac of males.
  • Parathyroid Glands: Found behind and attached to the thyroid.
  • Pancreas: Glandular organ located behind the stomach.

Key Hormones and Their Functions

  • Insulin (from the pancreas): Involved in glucose metabolism.
  • Lactogenic Hormone (from the pituitary): Stimulates milk secretion.
  • Somatotropin (Growth Hormone from pituitary): Promotes normal body growth.
  • Parathormone (from parathyroid): Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
  • Testosterone (from testes): Supports growth of male sex organs.
  • Thyroxine (from thyroid): Increases metabolic rate and promotes growth.
  • Thyrotrophin (from pituitary): Stimulates thyroid growth and secretion.
  • Adrenaline (from adrenal glands): Activates the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Vasopressin (from pituitary): (Antidiuretic hormone) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys.
  • Mineralocorticoids (from adrenals): Regulates sodium and potassium levels.
  • Estrogens (from ovaries): Promotes female sex organ development.
  • Progesterone (from ovaries): Maintains the uterine lining.

Endocrine Disorders

  • Diabetes Mellitus: Affects the pancreas.
  • Cushing's Syndrome: Impacts the adrenal glands.
  • Giantism: Caused by abnormalities in the pituitary gland.
  • Hyperthyroidism: Involves overactivity of the thyroid gland.
  • Addison's Disease: Affects the adrenal glands leading to insufficient hormone production.
  • Acromegaly: Results from pituitary gland dysfunction.
  • Hypoparathyroidism: Involves the parathyroid gland.
  • Cretinism: Associated with thyroid gland deficits.
  • Dwarfism: Related to hormone issues from the pituitary gland.
  • Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Additional Endocrine Structures

  • Thymus: Located in the upper chest, activates immune cells early in life and atrophies during puberty.
  • Placenta: Temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy that is expelled post-birth.
  • Pineal Body: Small brain structure that produces melatonin for regulating sleep/wake cycles.

Gonads

  • Male Gonads: Testes.
  • Female Gonads: Ovaries.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Hyperglycemia: High blood sugar levels.
  • Polyuria: Increased urination.
  • Polydipsia: Increased thirst.
  • Polyphagia: Increased hunger.
  • Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in urine.
  • Weight loss: Often occurs despite increased appetite.

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Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with this set of flashcards. Learn about hormones, their functions, and how they are transported in the body. Perfect for anyone studying biology or health sciences.

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