Endocrine System Chapter 11 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Describe the functions of the endocrine system.

Collection of glands and organs, 2. Secrete chemical messengers, 3. Send signals from one part of the body to another for regulation and coordination of various activities.

What are some things that the endocrine system affects?

Metabolism, 2. Growth, 3. Blood pressure.

How do hormones travel via endocrine glands?

Through the blood without a duct.

What do endocrine glands secrete?

Hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical messenger that enters the blood, which carries them from their site of secretion to the cells upon which they act?

Hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Do hormones link various organ systems together?

True Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an exocrine gland?

Sweat ducts. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three chemical classes of hormones?

<ol> <li>Amine Hormones, 2. Peptide and Protein Hormones, 3. Steroid Hormones.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the derivatives of amine hormones?

Tyrosine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major categories of amine hormones?

<ol> <li>Thyroid hormones, 2. Catecholamines.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are two types of catecholamines?

<ol> <li>Epinephrine, 2. Norepinephrine.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What category are most hormones?

Peptide and Protein Hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Describe peptide and protein hormones.

They are short chains of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of peptide and protein hormones?

Insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the derivatives of steroid hormones?

Cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What are four examples of steroid hormones?

<ol> <li>Cortisol, 2. Aldosterone, 3. Testosterone, 4. Estradiol.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where are steroid hormones produced?

Adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta. Signup and view all the answers

How are steroid hormones produced?

Hormone-producing cells are stimulated by binding of anterior pituitary gland hormone to plasma membrane receptor. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the nature of steroid hormones.

They are lipid soluble so they diffuse freely across the membrane into circulation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the regions of the adrenal cortex?

Medulla, Cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What steroids does the cortex produce?

<ol> <li>Aldosterone, 2. Cortisol, 3. Dehydroepiandrosterone, 4. Androstendione.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone affect?

Affects sodium, potassium, and hydrogen balance in the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What controls aldosterone?

Angiotensin II. Signup and view all the answers

What affects metabolism of glucose and other organic nutrients and reduces inflammation and dampens the immune system?

Cortisol. Signup and view all the answers

What does the medulla produce?

Catecholamines. Signup and view all the answers

What regulates secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

Hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the mechanisms of hormone action for peptides and catecholamines?

In cell membrane-water soluble. Signup and view all the answers

What are the mechanisms of hormone action for steroids and thyroid hormones?

Inside the target cells-lipid soluble. Signup and view all the answers

What does increasing the number of a hormone's receptors in a cell, often resulting from prolonged exposure to a low concentration of the hormone, refer to?

Up-regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What does decreasing receptor number, often from exposure to high concentrations of the hormone, refer to?

Down-regulation. Signup and view all the answers

True/False: All anterior pituitary hormones are amine.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the six hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

<ol> <li>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH), 3. Growth Hormone (GH), 4. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), 5. Prolactin, 6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What secretes hypophysiotropic hormones?

Hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

Where are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland produced?

In the nuclei of the hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?

<ol> <li>ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin), 2. Oxytocin.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Endocrine System

Consists of glands and organs that regulate bodily functions
Secretes hormones as chemical messengers
Coordinates and regulates various physiological activities by sending signals throughout the body

Effects of the Endocrine System

Influences metabolism
Regulates growth
Affects blood pressure

Hormone Transport and Characteristics

Hormones travel through the bloodstream without ducts
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood
Hormones are soluble in blood, either free or bound to transport proteins

Hormones Classification

Three main chemical classes:
- Amine hormones, derived from tyrosine
- Peptide and protein hormones, composed of short chains of amino acids
- Steroid hormones, derived from cholesterol

Gland Functions and Hormone Production

Steroid hormones are primarily produced in:
- Adrenal cortex
- Gonads
- Placenta
Adrenal cortex specifically produces hormones like:
- Aldosterone (regulates sodium and potassium balance)
- Cortisol (manages glucose metabolism and stress response)
- Androgens (male sex hormones)

Regulation of Hormones

Hormones can increase or decrease their receptor sensitivity:
- Up-regulation: Increases target cell responsiveness due to prolonged low hormone levels
- Down-regulation: Decreases target cell responsiveness due to prolonged high hormone levels
Hormone secretion controlled by:
- Plasma concentrations of ions/nutrients
- Neurotransmitters
- Other hormones (tropic hormones)

Endocrine Disorders

Hyposecretion: Glands produce too little hormone, can be primary or secondary
- Primary hyposecretion indicates a malfunctioning gland
- Secondary hyposecretion results from insufficient tropic hormone stimulation
Hypersecretion: Excessive hormone production, can result from tumors
Hyporesponsiveness: Target cells fail to respond adequately to hormones, leading to conditions like Type II Diabetes
Hyperresponsiveness: Target cells overreact to hormones

Hormonal Interaction and Action Mechanisms

Steroid and thyroid hormones penetrate target cell membranes and affect gene transcription directly.
Peptide and catecholamine hormones bind to cell membrane receptors, activating second messenger systems.
Hormone metabolism and clearance depend on secretion rates and cellular uptake, as well as the presence of receptors.

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

Produces six key hormones:
- FSH: Gamete production
- LH: Sex hormone production
- GH: Growth and metabolism
- TSH: Stimulates thyroid hormone release
- Prolactin: Milk production and breast development
- ACTH: Promotes cortisol release

Hypothalamic Regulation

Hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
Anterior pituitary hormones control other endocrine glands, creating feedback loops for hormonal regulation.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Hormones are produced in the hypothalamus nuclei and secreted by the posterior pituitary.
Key hormones include:
- ADH: Regulates water balance
- Oxytocin: Involved in childbirth and lactation

Summary of Hormonal Actions

Hormones produce cellular responses by binding to specific receptors.
Hormone activity is influenced by receptor presence and hormonal concentration.
Mechanisms include stimulation or inhibition of target cells based on overall hormonal balance.

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Description

Explore the key concepts of the endocrine system with these flashcards. Each card highlights the functions of the system, its effects on the body, and the role of hormones. Perfect for revision and understanding vital physiological processes.