Endocrine System and Stress Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which division of the nervous system regulates the internal environment of the body?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System (correct)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)

Which system prepares the body for action in response to a threat?

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic Nervous System (correct)

Endocrine System

Which system transmits signals to the CNS from muscles, joints, and skin via nerves?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) (correct)

Endocrine System

Which system returns the body to a resting state?

Parasympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Chronic stress leads to increased activity of which system?

Sympathetic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which system regulates the body's internal environment through stimulation of glands and organs?

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What causes the axon of a neuron to fire an action potential?

Electrical stimulation exceeding the threshold of excitation Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the negative resting potential of a neuron?

Unequal distribution of ions, particularly K+ and Na+ Signup and view all the answers

What happens when depolarization reaches about +40 mV during an action potential?

Sodium channels open Signup and view all the answers

What helps maintain the resting potential of a neuron by actively transporting ions against their concentration gradients?

Sodium-potassium pump Signup and view all the answers

What drives K+ out of the neuron, ultimately restoring the resting potential?

Forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which structure consists of millions of myelinated axons connecting the brain hemispheres?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What are the principal functions of the hippocampus?

Encoding events as they happen and crucial for memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the brain stem?

Communication pathway between the brain and body, controlling basic functions and affecting general alertness Signup and view all the answers

What can psychopharmacological drugs like SSRIs do?

Artificially increase neurotransmitter levels in the synapse Signup and view all the answers

What happens when neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic cell?

It can lead to the opening of channels, causing depolarization and potential firing in the post-synaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the split brain patients' lack of corpus callosum?

Preventing interhemispheric communication and limiting functions like preventing epilepsy spread Signup and view all the answers

What influences the velocity of action potential transmission in neurons?

Axon diameter Signup and view all the answers

What can reach speeds of up to 100 m/s, significantly faster than unmyelinated axons?

Saltatory signal propagation along myelinated axons Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for increased velocity of ion flow in axons with larger diameters?

Smaller resistance to ion flow Signup and view all the answers

Which structure consists of basic structures such as the node of Ranvier, vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What can have inhibitory or excitatory effects, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor?

Neurotransmitter binding Signup and view all the answers

What modulates neurotransmission, with examples like benzodiazepines acting as GABA-A receptor agonists and ketamine as an NMDA receptor antagonist?

Agonists and antagonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary control center for the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which cells protect CNS neurons, link neurons to blood vessels, and form the myelin sheath?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structure of a neuron specialized for communication?

Vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic terminals, postsynaptic terminals, axon hillock Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons serve as the connection between sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons Signup and view all the answers

Who made significant discoveries about the structures of neurons using the silver staining method?

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial in understanding the resting potential and the action potential in neurons?

Concept of potential Signup and view all the answers

What influences the velocity of action potential transmission in neurons?

Axon diameter Signup and view all the answers

What can reach speeds of up to 100 m/s along myelinated axons?

Saltatory signal propagation Signup and view all the answers

What leads to increased velocity of ion flow in axons?

Smaller resistance to ion flow Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are basic components of neurons?

Node of Ranvier, vesicles, presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether neurotransmitter binding has inhibitory or excitatory effects?

Type of neurotransmitter and receptor Signup and view all the answers

What modulates neurotransmission by acting as GABA-A receptor agonists and NMDA receptor antagonists?

Benzodiazepines and ketamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary control center for the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

Forming the myelin sheath around axons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurons serve as the connection between sensory and motor neurons?

Interneurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structure of a neuron specialized for communication?

Dendritic spines Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept crucial in understanding the resting potential and the action potential in neurons?

Membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Who made significant discoveries about the structures of neurons using the silver staining method?

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to bind to AMPA and NMDA receptors?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

Connecting the brain hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

Encoding events as they happen and crucial for memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the brain stem?

Affecting general alertness Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of split brain patients lacking the corpus callosum?

Increased risk of epilepsy spread Signup and view all the answers

What did Penfield's mapping studies demonstrate?

Specific functions for different brain areas Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for regulating the internal environment of the body?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)?

Regulating internal environment of the body Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling system prepares the body for action in response to a threat?

Sympathetic signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'fight or flight' response associated with?

Sympathetic signaling Signup and view all the answers

Which system returns the body to a resting state?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which system stimulates glands and organs, such as the heart, liver, and lungs?

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells play a role in protecting CNS neurons, linking neurons to blood vessels, and forming the myelin sheath?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary control center for the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is activated in response to perceived stress, leading to the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland?

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis Signup and view all the answers

Who made significant discoveries about the structures of neurons using the silver staining method?

Santiago Ramón y Cajal Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential components of the nervous system, supporting and contributing to the functions of neurons?

Astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic structure of a neuron specialized for communication, consisting of nodes of Ranvier, vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic terminals, and postsynaptic terminals?

Axon Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate resting potential of a neuron in millivolts?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What causes the axon of a neuron to fire an action potential?

Electrical stimulation exceeding the threshold of excitation Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in allowing specific ions to pass through the neuron membrane?

Ion channels Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for actively transporting ions against their concentration gradients to maintain the resting potential?

Sodium-potassium pump Signup and view all the answers

What happens when depolarization reaches about +40 mV during an action potential?

Sodium channels open Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately restores the resting potential of a neuron after an action potential?

Sodium-potassium pumps Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of autoreceptors in the control of neurotransmitter release?

They regulate the amount of neurotransmitter released by the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence of axon diameter on the velocity of action potential?

It increases the velocity of action potential Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter binding effect can lead to inhibitory responses in the postsynaptic cell?

Increase in chloride ion influx into the postsynaptic cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of benzodiazepines in neurotransmission modulation?

They act as GABA-A receptor agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nodes of Ranvier in signal propagation along myelinated axons?

They modulate the velocity of action potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of presynaptic terminals in neurotransmission?

They release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing the velocity of action potential in neurons?

Myelination of axons Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter binding can have both inhibitory and excitatory effects?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which action potential is converted from electrical to chemical signal at the presynaptic terminal?

Neurotransmitter release Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs modulate neurotransmission by acting as GABA-A receptor agonists and NMDA receptor antagonists?

Benzodiazepines and ketamine Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the modulation of neurotransmitter release through autoreceptors, reuptake, and enzymatic degradation?

Presynaptic terminal Signup and view all the answers

What influences the velocity of action potential in neurons?

Axon diameter Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurotransmission and Action Potential Summary

Axon diameter influences the velocity of action potential transmission, with larger diameters resulting in faster transmission.
Saltatory signal propagation along myelinated axons can reach speeds of up to 100 m/s, significantly faster than unmyelinated axons.
Resistance to ion flow is smaller in axons with larger diameters, leading to increased velocity of ion flow.
Neurons consist of basic structures such as the node of Ranvier, vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals.
Neurotransmitter binding can have inhibitory or excitatory effects, depending on the type of neurotransmitter and receptor.
Control of neurotransmitter release involves autoreceptors, reuptake mechanisms, and enzymatic degradation in the synaptic cleft.
Agonists and antagonists modulate neurotransmission, with examples like benzodiazepines acting as GABA-A receptor agonists and ketamine as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
Major neurotransmitters and associated drugs play crucial roles in the modulation of neuronal activity.
Psychoactive substances like benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and sedatives have specific mechanisms, effects, side effects, and medical uses.
The action potential is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal when it reaches the presynaptic terminal.
Neurotransmission involves a complex interplay of events and concepts, including the release and binding of neurotransmitters, as well as the modulation of neurotransmission by agonists and antagonists.
The text provides an overview of major neurotransmitters and associated drugs, as well as a summary of core events and concepts in signal transmission.

The Endocrine System and Stress Response

The endocrine system influences thoughts, behaviors, and actions and works alongside the nervous system to prepare the body to deal with perceived threats.
The endocrine system primarily controlled by the hypothalamus, which signals to the pituitary gland located at the base of the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis is activated in response to perceived stress, leading to the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland.
The human central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and brain, with neurons as its basic component.
Ramon y Cajal, a neuroanatomist, made significant discoveries about the structures of neurons using the silver staining method.
Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, are essential components of the nervous system, supporting and contributing to the functions of neurons.
Microglia protect CNS neurons, while astrocytes link neurons to blood vessels and form part of the blood-brain barrier, and oligodendrocytes surround axons, forming the myelin sheath that insulates axons.
Neurons are specialized for communication, with a basic structure consisting of nodes of Ranvier, vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic terminals, and postsynaptic terminals.
There are over 3300 types of brain cells in the human brain, and neurons can have different shapes depending on their function and location.
There are three basic types of neurons: interneurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons, each serving different functions within the nervous system.
The flow of information in the neuron involves a signal being received at the dendritic spines, producing an electric current, and ultimately leading to the release of neurotransmitters.
The concept of potential is crucial in understanding the resting potential and the action potential in neurons, similar to how energy is stored in an electrical system like a battery.

Neurotransmission and Action Potential Overview

Signal propagation along unmyelinated axons and saltatory signal propagation along myelinated axons
Axon diameter influences the velocity of action potential
Anatomy of neurons includes nodes of Ranvier, vesicles with neurotransmitters, presynaptic terminal, and postsynaptic terminal
Neurotransmitter binding can have inhibitory or excitatory effects
Control of neurotransmitter release involves autoreceptors, reuptake, and enzymatic degradation
Agonists and antagonists modulate neurotransmission, e.g., benzodiazepines and ketamine
Major neurotransmitters and associated drugs, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sedatives, and amphetamines
Summary of core events and concepts of signal transmission
Conversion of action potential from electrical to chemical signal at the presynaptic terminal

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Description

Test your knowledge of the endocrine system and stress response with this quiz. Explore the functions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis, the role of cortisol, and the interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems. Dive into the structures and functions of neurons, including the roles of glial cells, types of neurons, and the flow of information within neurons. Whether you're studying neuroscience or interested in understanding the body's response to stress, this quiz will challenge and expand your