Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
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Questions and Answers

What is the reason for chlorpromazine (Thorazine) to be categorized as a 'neuroleptic'?

  • Its effect on dopamine function
  • Its ability to produce extreme slowness or absence of movement (neurolepsis) (correct)
  • Its sedative effects
  • Its antihistamine properties

    • What did Carlsson and Lindqvist discover about the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine function?

  • Antipsychotics increased dopamine production
  • Antipsychotics affected dopamine function (correct)
  • Antipsychotics had no impact on dopamine function
  • Antipsychotics decreased dopamine receptor sensitivity

    • What is the common effect shared by medications like fluphenazine, thioridazine, and haloperidol?

  • Anxiolytic effects
  • Limited antipsychotic effects (correct)
  • Stimulant effects
  • Sedative effects

    • What is the main reason for clinically efficacious antipsychotic drugs to be considered as dopamine receptor antagonists?

    <p>They block dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent type of dopamine receptor in the striatum?

    <p>D2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs can cause psychosis by increasing dopamine levels?

    <p>Stimulant drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do drugs that increase dopamine levels have on Parkinson's disease?

    <p>They worsen symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine antagonists in reducing psychotic symptoms?

    <p>They worsen psychotic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms of schizophrenia are more affected by drug treatments that block dopamine?

    <p>Positive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do 'old' D2 antagonist drugs have on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>They worsen negative and cognitive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia?

    <p>It worsens cognitive deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about dopamine based on the evidence presented in the text?

    <p>It might be part of the story, but unlikely to be the whole story</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of 'old' D2 antagonist drugs on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>They may increase negative and cognitive symptoms or produce 'secondary' negative/cognitive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cortical pruning and maturing connectivity across childhood and adolescent development?

    <p>Cortical pruning decreases while maturing connectivity increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the development of synapses on plasticity?

    <p>Plasticity is influenced by the environment in the selection of which synapses are strengthened and which are eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did post-mortem studies reveal about the cortex in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>The cortex is thinner in individuals with schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of 'old' D2 antagonist drugs on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>They may increase negative and cognitive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did post-mortem studies reveal about the cortex in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Thinner cortex compared to individuals without schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in connectivity pattern was observed in children with ADHD (age 7-16 years) compared to typical development?

    <p>Less long-range connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metabolic tolerance?

    <p>The body's increased production of enzymes to metabolize a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?

    <p>Receptors in the brain adapt to the continued presence of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reinforcement for dieting behavior in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?

    <p>Achieving weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum in anorexia?

    <p>Dieting behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cortical thickness difference in anorexia patients after weight recovery?

    <p>It normalizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is potentially a result of starvation in anorexia patients, according to the text?

    <p>Decreased grey matter thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of adolescence on the reinforcement of dieting behavior in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?

    <p>Reinforcers come from peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the dieting behaviors to become automatic in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?

    <p>They become a learned ingrained 'habit'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR on risk for depression?

    <p>The long allele is associated with higher serotonin transporter mRNA transcription and the short allele is associated with lower transcription, affecting risk for depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Liability-Threshold Model based on?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance and the distribution of liability to disorder continuously in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are genetic vulnerability and life effects related to the risk for depression?

    <p>Genes related to the neurotransmitter serotonin interact with life effects to affect risk for depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic stress on the hippocampus?

    <p>Chronic stress is thought to have negative effects on the hippocampus, potentially leading to reduced hippocampal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between specific genes and endophenotypes?

    <p>Specific genes affect narrowly defined endophenotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of the finding that even twins who never went into combat still had smaller hippocampi?

    <p>It suggests that reduced hippocampal volume in PTSD may not be solely due to the effects of chronic stress on the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the complexity of psychological disorders like PTSD?

    <p>Psychological disorders are complex due to a combination of factors, including genes and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hippocampus in negative feedback following acute stressors?

    <p>The hippocampus is more involved in reactive negative feedback following acute stressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of chronic stress on the hippocampus?

    <p>It can cause hippocampal cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cortisol in negative feedback?

    <p>To inhibit the release of cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive cortisol activation on the 'breaking system'?

    <p>It makes the 'breaking system' work less well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

    <p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?

    <p>Epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine and glucocorticoids during a stress response?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path of norepinephrine (NE) to the brain during a stress response?

    <p>Stimulates the vagus nerve which then stimulates the NTS to activate the monoamine systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path of glucocorticoids (cort) to the brain during a stress response?

    <p>Crosses the blood-brain barrier and interacts with any brain region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chlorpromazine and Neuroleptics

    • Chlorpromazine, known as Thorazine, is categorized as a neuroleptic due to its effectiveness in treating psychotic disorders by influencing neurotransmitter activity in the brain.

    Dopamine Function and Antipsychotics

    • Carlsson and Lindqvist discovered that antipsychotics reduce dopamine activity, suggesting an imbalance of dopamine function plays a role in psychotic conditions.

    Common Effects of Antipsychotic Medications

    • Medications such as fluphenazine, thioridazine, and haloperidol share the common effect of blocking dopamine receptors, which is central to their antipsychotic action.

    Clinical Antipsychotic Efficacy

    • Clinically efficacious antipsychotic drugs are deemed dopamine receptor antagonists because they hinder dopamine signaling, alleviating psychotic symptoms.

    Dopamine Receptors in the Striatum

    • The D2 receptor is the most prevalent type of dopamine receptor found in the striatum, significant for motion and reward pathways.

    Drugs Causing Psychosis

    • Stimulant drugs that increase dopamine levels can induce psychosis, exacerbating symptoms in vulnerable individuals.

    Impact of Dopamine on Parkinson's Disease

    • Drugs that increase dopamine levels may worsen Parkinson’s disease symptoms, as dopamine excess can lead to motor dysfunction.

    Role of Dopamine Antagonists

    • Dopamine antagonists reduce psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors, which are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

    Drug Treatment Effectiveness on Schizophrenia Symptoms

    • Drug treatments that block dopamine primarily affect positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.

    Old D2 Antagonist Drugs and Symptoms

    • 'Old' D2 antagonist drugs have minimal effect on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia, highlighting the complexity of these symptoms.

    Dopamine Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex

    • A decrease in dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is linked to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, affecting decision-making and executive function.

    Conclusions on Dopamine

    • Evidence indicates dopamine has a multifaceted role in both the pathology and treatment of schizophrenia, emphasizing its importance in mental health.

    Cortical Pruning During Development

    • Cortical pruning and maturing connectivity occur throughout childhood and adolescence, key in the development of efficient neural pathways.

    Synapse Development and Plasticity

    • The development of synapses enhances plasticity, allowing for adaptation and learning throughout brain development.

    Post-Mortem Studies in Schizophrenia

    • Post-mortem studies reveal structural changes in the cortex of individuals with schizophrenia, affecting cognitive and perceptual processes.

    Connectivity Patterns in ADHD

    • Children with ADHD show altered connectivity patterns compared to typical development, which may contribute to symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.

    Metabolic Tolerance

    • Metabolic tolerance refers to the body's ability to increase the rate of drug metabolism, diminishing the drug’s effects over time.

    Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

    • Pharmacodynamic tolerance involves changes at the drug's site of action, which reduces responsiveness to the treatment.

    Anorexia and Reinforcement

    • The primary reinforcement for dieting behavior in individuals with anorexia is linked to functional abnormalities in the striatum, affecting reward processing.

    Cortical Thickness After Weight Recovery

    • After weight recovery, studies show that cortical thickness differences in anorexia patients may normalize, indicating potential for cognitive improvement.

    Impact of Starvation in Anorexia

    • Starvation in anorexia patients can lead to neurochemical changes and cognitive deficits, affecting overall mental health.

    Adolescence and Dieting Behavior

    • Adolescence increases the reinforcement of dieting behaviors in individuals with anorexia, potentially due to heightened sensitivity to social pressures.

    Automaticity of Dieting Behaviors

    • Dieting behaviors may become automatic in individuals with anorexia as repetitive actions create entrenched habits.

    Serotonin Transporter Gene and Depression

    • The serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR influences genetic risk for depression, with variations affecting serotonin levels and mood regulation.

    Liability-Threshold Model

    • The Liability-Threshold Model explains how genetic and environmental factors converge to increase the risk of developing depression.

    Chronic Stress on the Hippocampus

    • Chronic stress can lead to hippocampal atrophy, impairing memory and emotional regulation.

    Genetic Vulnerability and Endophenotypes

    • Specific genes correlate with endophenotypes, which are measurable traits associated with increased risk for psychological disorders.

    Twin Study Findings on the Hippocampus

    • Findings show smaller hippocampi even in twins who avoided combat, highlighting genetic predisposition for stress-related changes.

    Complexity of Psychological Disorders

    • The interplay of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors contributes to the complexity of psychological disorders like PTSD.

    Hippocampus and Acute Stress Feedback

    • The hippocampus is crucial for negative feedback regulation following acute stressors, playing a role in restoring homeostasis.

    Cortisol's Role in Negative Feedback

    • Cortisol aids in the negative feedback loop that regulates the stress response, ensuring balance after threatening stimuli.

    Excessive Cortisol Activation

    • Excessive cortisol can impair the ‘breaking system’ of stress response, leading to dysfunction in stress regulation.

    Adrenal Gland Functions

    • The cortex of the adrenal gland produces glucocorticoids, while the medulla produces catecholamines like norepinephrine.

    Adrenal Gland Stimulation during Stress

    • The adrenal gland releases norepinephrine and glucocorticoids during stress, activated by signals from the nervous system.

    Pathways of Norepinephrine and Glucocorticoids

    • Norepinephrine travels rapidly to the brain to enhance arousal, while glucocorticoids modulate long-term stress responses and metabolic processes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the history and discovery of the antipsychotic drug Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) in this quiz. Learn about its initial use, chance discovery, and classification as a "neuroleptic."

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