43 Questions
What is the reason for chlorpromazine (Thorazine) to be categorized as a 'neuroleptic'?
Its ability to produce extreme slowness or absence of movement (neurolepsis)
What did Carlsson and Lindqvist discover about the effect of antipsychotics on dopamine function?
Antipsychotics affected dopamine function
What is the common effect shared by medications like fluphenazine, thioridazine, and haloperidol?
Limited antipsychotic effects
What is the main reason for clinically efficacious antipsychotic drugs to be considered as dopamine receptor antagonists?
They block dopamine receptors
What is the most prevalent type of dopamine receptor in the striatum?
D2
Which type of drugs can cause psychosis by increasing dopamine levels?
Stimulant drugs
What effect do drugs that increase dopamine levels have on Parkinson's disease?
They worsen symptoms
What is the role of dopamine antagonists in reducing psychotic symptoms?
They worsen psychotic symptoms
Which symptoms of schizophrenia are more affected by drug treatments that block dopamine?
Positive symptoms
What effect do 'old' D2 antagonist drugs have on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
They worsen negative and cognitive symptoms
What effect does a decrease in dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
It worsens cognitive deficits
What conclusion can be drawn about dopamine based on the evidence presented in the text?
It might be part of the story, but unlikely to be the whole story
What is the impact of 'old' D2 antagonist drugs on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
They may increase negative and cognitive symptoms or produce 'secondary' negative/cognitive symptoms
What happens to cortical pruning and maturing connectivity across childhood and adolescent development?
Cortical pruning decreases while maturing connectivity increases
What is the impact of the development of synapses on plasticity?
Plasticity is influenced by the environment in the selection of which synapses are strengthened and which are eliminated
What did post-mortem studies reveal about the cortex in individuals with schizophrenia?
The cortex is thinner in individuals with schizophrenia
What is the impact of 'old' D2 antagonist drugs on negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
They may increase negative and cognitive symptoms
What did post-mortem studies reveal about the cortex in individuals with schizophrenia?
Thinner cortex compared to individuals without schizophrenia
What change in connectivity pattern was observed in children with ADHD (age 7-16 years) compared to typical development?
Less long-range connections
What is metabolic tolerance?
The body's increased production of enzymes to metabolize a drug
What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?
Receptors in the brain adapt to the continued presence of a drug
What is the primary reinforcement for dieting behavior in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?
Achieving weight loss
What has been associated with functional abnormalities in the striatum in anorexia?
Dieting behaviors
What happens to the cortical thickness difference in anorexia patients after weight recovery?
It normalizes
What is potentially a result of starvation in anorexia patients, according to the text?
Decreased grey matter thickness
What is the impact of adolescence on the reinforcement of dieting behavior in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?
Reinforcers come from peers
What is the reason for the dieting behaviors to become automatic in individuals with anorexia, according to the text?
They become a learned ingrained 'habit'
What is the impact of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR on risk for depression?
The long allele is associated with higher serotonin transporter mRNA transcription and the short allele is associated with lower transcription, affecting risk for depression.
What is the Liability-Threshold Model based on?
Polygenic inheritance and the distribution of liability to disorder continuously in the population.
How are genetic vulnerability and life effects related to the risk for depression?
Genes related to the neurotransmitter serotonin interact with life effects to affect risk for depression.
What is the effect of chronic stress on the hippocampus?
Chronic stress is thought to have negative effects on the hippocampus, potentially leading to reduced hippocampal volume.
What is the relationship between specific genes and endophenotypes?
Specific genes affect narrowly defined endophenotypes.
What is the interpretation of the finding that even twins who never went into combat still had smaller hippocampi?
It suggests that reduced hippocampal volume in PTSD may not be solely due to the effects of chronic stress on the hippocampus.
What is the main factor contributing to the complexity of psychological disorders like PTSD?
Psychological disorders are complex due to a combination of factors, including genes and environment.
What is the role of the hippocampus in negative feedback following acute stressors?
The hippocampus is more involved in reactive negative feedback following acute stressors.
What is the impact of chronic stress on the hippocampus?
It can cause hippocampal cell death
What is the primary role of cortisol in negative feedback?
To inhibit the release of cortisol
What is the effect of excessive cortisol activation on the 'breaking system'?
It makes the 'breaking system' work less well
What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
Glucocorticoids
What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
Epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine
What stimulates the adrenal gland to release norepinephrine and glucocorticoids during a stress response?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the path of norepinephrine (NE) to the brain during a stress response?
Stimulates the vagus nerve which then stimulates the NTS to activate the monoamine systems
What is the path of glucocorticoids (cort) to the brain during a stress response?
Crosses the blood-brain barrier and interacts with any brain region
Test your knowledge of the history and discovery of the antipsychotic drug Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) in this quiz. Learn about its initial use, chance discovery, and classification as a "neuroleptic."
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