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Questions and Answers
Which anatomical structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
Which anatomical structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
- Sphenoid bone
- Dura mater
- Infundibulum (correct)
- Sella turcica
A patient presents with a pituitary adenoma causing ballooning of the sella turcica. Which of the following is the MOST likely direct effect of this condition?
A patient presents with a pituitary adenoma causing ballooning of the sella turcica. Which of the following is the MOST likely direct effect of this condition?
- Decreased secretion of all posterior pituitary hormones.
- Compression of surrounding brain tissue. (correct)
- Elevated levels of thyroid hormones.
- Increased secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.
If a patient is diagnosed with goiter, which gland is MOST likely affected?
If a patient is diagnosed with goiter, which gland is MOST likely affected?
- Adrenal gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland (correct)
What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands?
What is the primary function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by the parathyroid glands?
The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for:
The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for:
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
The adrenal glands are located:
The adrenal glands are located:
Which of the following hormones is produced by the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes?
What is the function of the hormones secreted by the cells forming the Graffian follicles in the ovary?
What is the function of the hormones secreted by the cells forming the Graffian follicles in the ovary?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
The system of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
A small gland at the base of the brain, often called the 'master gland' because it regulates other endocrine glands.
Anterior Pituitary Hormone
Anterior Pituitary Hormone
Growth Hormone (GH)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
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Goitre
Goitre
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
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Insulin
Insulin
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
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Study Notes
- The endocrine system includes all ductless glands.
- Included glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Islets of Langerhans (pancreas), and endocrinal parts of the ovary and testes.
Pituitary Gland
- Also called the hypophysis cerebri and the master gland.
- Located at the base of the brain in a depression on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica) covered by a fold of dura mater.
- Weighs about 0.5 grams and is one cm in diameter.
- Connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
- Divided into the anterior and posterior lobes.
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Hormones of the Posterior Lobe
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone), also known as ADH
Clinical Anatomy (Pituitary Gland)
- Pituitary adenoma can cause ballooning of the sella turcica.
Thyroid Gland
- Weighs 30 grams.
- Located in the lower part of the front of the neck, just below the larynx.
- Butterfly or H-shaped.
- Consists of two lobes, right and left, connected by an isthmus.
- Secretes thyroxine.
- Enlarged thyroid gland definition is goitre.
Parathyroid Glands
- Four small, rounded glands.
- Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
- Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Islets of Langerhans of Pancreas
- The pancreas is a mixed gland.
- Exocrine portion secretes digestive juice in the pancreatic duct.
- Endocrine portion secretes hormones directly into the blood.
- Secretes hormones including insulin which is secreted by beta cells.
- Also secretes glucagon which is secreted by alpha cells.
Adrenal Glands
- Also termed suprarenal gland.
- Located on the upper pole of the kidney.
- Each adrenal gland is small and yellowish, about 2.5 cm in length and 12 grams in weight.
- Composed of an outer layer called the cortex and an inner core called the medulla.
Testes
- The endocrine parts consist of interstitial cells of Leydig.
- Leydig cells are in connective tissue spaces between the semineferous tubules.
- The testes secrete the hormone testosterone.
Ovary
- Endocrine parts include the cells forming the Graffian follicles.
- These follicle cells secrete estrogen and progesterone.
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