Endocrine System and Hormones

• Vasopressin acts on kidneys to regulate water balance in the body.
• The Posterior releases packaged oxytocin and vasopressin when it is needed in the body.
• Anterior is a true endocrine gland and produces a number of hormones such as prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone.
• A bed of capillaries that provides a means for the hypothalamus to send small amounts of hormone to the endocrine cells of the pituitary, which indicates the release of trophic hormones, is called a portal system.
• Half-life is the amount of time required to reduce the concentration of a hormone by one half.
• Type 1 diabetes occurs when endocrine cells of the pancreas stop making insulin.
• The GHK equation allows us to calculate the membrane potential in a living cell.
• Goiter is due to an enlarged thyroid gland in the neck.
• Cortisol are antagonists to insulin.
• Pancreatic enzymes help extract the nutrition from meals for individuals with a defective CFTR.
• SGLT has a high affinity for Na+ when facing the extracellular face of an intestinal cell and uses the energy in the chemical gradient to transport glucose into the cytoplasm.
• Eating high carbohydrate meals increase blood insulin levels.
• Prostaglandin D2 are eicosanoids produced in response to activation A2 to regulate sleep, inflammation, pain and fever.
• 0.9% sodium chloride is the normal saline used for IV drips.
• Melatonin is the medication that may cause exhaustion and lethargy.
• Secondary active transport uses potential energy stored in the concentration gradient of one molecule to transport other molecules AGAINST their concentration gradients.
• The solution concentration of 1L isotonic is hypotonic.
• Epinephrine promotes vasoconstriction when bound to the alpha adrenergic receptors, but vasodilation when bound to the beta adrenergic receptors.
• Electrical synopsis propagate signals when a nerve transmits an electrical signal from one neuron directly to a second cell.
• Opsonization is when a pathogen is coated with antibodies during invasion of a host, which allows macrophages to ingest the pathogen through phagocytosis.
• Passive transport across membranes uses kinetic energy inherent in molecules and potential energy stored in concentration gradients.
• Peptides are located in the cell membrane and nucleus
• After activation of some G protein-coupled receptors linked to phospholipase-C, cleavage of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate occurs to generate IP3 and DAG; IP3 can bind to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum to induce release of intracellular Ca2+.
• Arachidonic acid is a precursor of signaling molecules that are made from Phospholipase A2 digestion of membrane phospholipids.
• Rhodopsin is associated with retinitis pigmentosa.
• Calcium sensor in parathyroid is associated with familial hyperkalemia.
• Vasopressin receptor is associated with diabetes insipidus.
• Short acting describes gases as ephemeral.
• Large proteins cannot move through gap junctions.
• Activation of phospholipase C produces IP3 and DAG as second messengers after multiple signaling events are activated within cells following activation of G-protein coupled receptors.
• Signaling via the post apoptotic cells to dendrites is not a method of cell-to-cell communication used under homeostatic conditions.
• Histamine is an example of paracrine signaling, released when bitten by a mosquito, forming a red, raised wheal, and causing itchiness.
• Receptor gated membrane ion channels are associated with all mechanisms, except receptor gated.
• ALL of THEM receptor-channels regulate skeletal muscles
• Interferons, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines are all signaling molecules that belong to Cytokine families.
• Juxacrine signaling is also known as contact dependent signaling.
• Syncytium results when gap junctions unite connexins, and the channels between cells are open, forming a single cell with multiple nuclei.
• K+ maintains the membrane potential at -70mV during the resting state in mammalian cells.
• Secondary active transport is a cellular transport mechanism that uses potential energy stored in the concentration gradient of one molecule to transport other molecules AGAINST their concentration gradients.
• Transport of glucose, facilitated diffusion occurs, carrier protein binds are physiological events mediated by facilitated diffusion.
• Release of insulin from the pancreas allows to increase his blood insulin levels.
• [ion] out/ [ion]in is used to calculate the exact membrane potential using the Nernst equation.
• A K leak channel actively restores K+ to the intracellular fluid following leak out of the cell, to restore homeostasis.
• Opening of potassium channels requires energy input from ATP.
• Synapse propagates signals when a nerve transmits an electrical signal from one neuron directly to a second cell.
• Adult men have more water per kilogram of body mass than women.
• 2.5 OsM NaCl solution and 2.5bOsM Sucrose solution are isosmotic with the 2.5 OsM Glucose solution.
• When k+ leaks out and Na leaks into the cell the ions return to compartment is not true regarding the Na+/K+ ATPase Structure E is the precursor for estradiol synthesis.
• Molecules secreted into ECF & changes in the cell membrane potential are the physiological signals that the human body is composed of to communicate via approximately 75 trillion cells.
• Structure E is cholesterol.

Clinical Scenarios

• Increase in ECF ion concentration most likely caused cramps due to hypernatremia and hyperkalemia.
• The man is incorrect his body doesn't need to work to absorb glucose.
• Body adjusts internal conditions to keep balanced despite external conditions.
• All of them except GPCRS can open membrane channels.
• 299.7 is her final osmolarity at equilibrium.
• 2 osmoles are in 1 liter of a 2 M solution of glucose.
• Movement of H2O molecules in a solution from a high to low concentration is the definition of osmosis.
• Hypotonic.
• Type 2 diabetes the insulin receptors least likely to be up-regulated
• Transduction
• Cholesterol
• An autoimmune disorder due to Graves disease which George Jordan suffers.
• Melatonin is the substrate the pineal gland uses to produce a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles.
• Pheromones and ectohormones.
• Hypothalamus portal system is a bed of capillaries that provide a means for the hypothalamus to send small amounts of hormone to the endocrine cells of the pituitary, which induces the release of tropic hormones that can act on the primary tissues.
• Radioactive iodine therapy and radiation therapy, thyroid removal, anti thyroid agent & beta blocker are treatments for Graves' disease.
• Permissive means that thyroid hormone has an effect on sexual maturation.
• Thyroxine, thriiodothryonine, calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid.
• Basically out, out, in is the formless found in the numerator of the GHK equation.
• 910 ml or 0.91 kg

Medical Questions

• Endo, mitochondria is where many cells can store Ca+2.
• Na+/K+ ATPase pump.
• 1 liter is approximately the losses child when the losses was all fluid.
• Processed by which molecules move from high to low concentration
• True
• False
• Hypotonic is true. False

More medical Questions

• Alpha 1 adrenergic is what Levi's heart beginning to race adrenaline has entered his bloodstream and bound to that causes vasoconstriction of his blood vessels
• plasma membrane is where Receptors for lipophobic steroid based ligands are localized to.
• inhibition of adenylyl cyclase induce by activation of Gai cellular events?
• Hyperkalemia, caused by dehydration is most likely the reason of his cramps.
• Depolarization of sale following closing k+ channels due to citric cycle is the following events initiates this exocytosis in the pancreatic
• True that A resting neuron has à greater negative charge on the inside surface of the plasma membrane and à greater positive charge on the outside surface.
• Large protein anions.
• They bind G proteins that bind guanosine nucleotide
• Insulin .
• E is undergoing the process of hyper polarization with what state depicted
• 1,3,2,4,5,6 events put in order
• B on the sale depicted is undergoing the process of depolarization and sodium channels are open
• LDL George Smith physician receptionist high medication cholesterol. The Posterior releases packaged oxytocin and vasopressin
• The denominator of the GHK equation is the following formless that form.
• Bascially in, in ,out formless the denominator of GHK High levels is what if a 21 year old with visits his doctor testing levels. Growth hormone
• Oxytocin . the one horemone that the anterior pituatiry does make