Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of signaling involves signaling molecules released into the extracellular fluid that act on neighboring target cells?
What type of signaling involves signaling molecules released into the extracellular fluid that act on neighboring target cells?
- Endocrine signaling
- Synaptic signaling
- Paracrine signaling (correct)
- Autocrine signaling
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine signaling?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine signaling?
- It involves long-distance signaling
- Hormones travel through the bloodstream
- Signals originate from endocrine cells
- Signals act on neighboring cells (correct)
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland and involved in the maturation of ovules?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland and involved in the maturation of ovules?
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (correct)
- Thyroid hormones
- Insulin
- Testosterone
How do cells respond to signal molecules in their environment?
How do cells respond to signal molecules in their environment?
What type of signaling is exemplified by neurotransmitters acting at synapses?
What type of signaling is exemplified by neurotransmitters acting at synapses?
What is the role of a ligand in cell signaling?
What is the role of a ligand in cell signaling?
Which statement about receptors is true?
Which statement about receptors is true?
What is the effect of binding to a receptor protein in a target cell?
What is the effect of binding to a receptor protein in a target cell?
What is the primary role of kinases in signal transduction?
What is the primary role of kinases in signal transduction?
Which of the following pairs identifies the two types of long-distance signaling?
Which of the following pairs identifies the two types of long-distance signaling?
Which process converts an external signal into a cellular response?
Which process converts an external signal into a cellular response?
What determines the specificity of a cell's response to chemical signals?
What determines the specificity of a cell's response to chemical signals?
In unicellular organisms, what effect do signaling pathways have?
In unicellular organisms, what effect do signaling pathways have?
Which of the following correctly describes a second messenger?
Which of the following correctly describes a second messenger?
What is necessary for the communication between yeast cells during mating?
What is necessary for the communication between yeast cells during mating?
What distinguishes cell communication in multicellular organisms from unicellular organisms?
What distinguishes cell communication in multicellular organisms from unicellular organisms?
What is the initial step in the action of steroid hormones when they enter a target cell?
What is the initial step in the action of steroid hormones when they enter a target cell?
What is the function of integrins and cadherins in cell-cell recognition?
What is the function of integrins and cadherins in cell-cell recognition?
What occurs after the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus?
What occurs after the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus?
How do steroid hormones primarily signal their effects in target cells?
How do steroid hormones primarily signal their effects in target cells?
Which type of junction connects the cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells?
Which type of junction connects the cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells?
Which of these hormones is classified as a steroid hormone?
Which of these hormones is classified as a steroid hormone?
What role do MHC proteins play in cell recognition?
What role do MHC proteins play in cell recognition?
In what scenario does autocrine signaling occur?
In what scenario does autocrine signaling occur?
In the context of muscle cell signaling, what role does acetylcholine play?
In the context of muscle cell signaling, what role does acetylcholine play?
What happens when a T cell receptor recognizes an antigen presented by a B cell?
What happens when a T cell receptor recognizes an antigen presented by a B cell?
During embryonic development, what is the significance of cell-cell contact signaling?
During embryonic development, what is the significance of cell-cell contact signaling?
What type of signaling involves cells responding to molecules they produce in response to external stimuli?
What type of signaling involves cells responding to molecules they produce in response to external stimuli?
What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells?
What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells?
What is the primary role of steroid receptors in cells?
What is the primary role of steroid receptors in cells?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ligand mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of ligand mentioned?
How do extracellular signal molecules typically affect cell responses?
How do extracellular signal molecules typically affect cell responses?
What happens to intracellular receptors upon ligand binding?
What happens to intracellular receptors upon ligand binding?
Which of these is a functional domain of a steroid receptor?
Which of these is a functional domain of a steroid receptor?
What type of signal is nitric oxide (NO) classified as?
What type of signal is nitric oxide (NO) classified as?
What is the effect of cGMP in the signaling mechanism involving nitric oxide?
What is the effect of cGMP in the signaling mechanism involving nitric oxide?
Which process is NOT triggered by the binding of extracellular signals?
Which process is NOT triggered by the binding of extracellular signals?
What is the primary function of signaling cascades in cells?
What is the primary function of signaling cascades in cells?
Which type of extracellular signal molecules are generally unable to cross the plasma membrane?
Which type of extracellular signal molecules are generally unable to cross the plasma membrane?
How do small or hydrophobic extracellular signal molecules interact with their target cells?
How do small or hydrophobic extracellular signal molecules interact with their target cells?
What is a characteristic of signaling proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
What is a characteristic of signaling proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
What type of receptor is associated with signals that lead to long-lasting cellular changes?
What type of receptor is associated with signals that lead to long-lasting cellular changes?
Which of the following is NOT a typical example of hydrophilic extracellular signal molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a typical example of hydrophilic extracellular signal molecules?
What distinguishes the two types of receptors based on their location in the cell?
What distinguishes the two types of receptors based on their location in the cell?
What role do second messengers play in cellular signaling?
What role do second messengers play in cellular signaling?
Flashcards
Ligand
Ligand
A chemical signal that binds to a receptor, triggering a cellular response.
Receptor
Receptor
A protein that binds to a ligand, initiating a signaling cascade.
Reception
Reception
The process where a receptor binds to a ligand, changing its shape and initiating a signal transduction pathway.
Kinase
Kinase
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Phosphatase
Phosphatase
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Second Messenger
Second Messenger
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Signal Transduction
Signal Transduction
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Cell Communication
Cell Communication
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Direct Contact Cell Communication
Direct Contact Cell Communication
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Gap Junctions - Animal Cell Communication
Gap Junctions - Animal Cell Communication
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Plasmodesmata - Plant Cell Communication
Plasmodesmata - Plant Cell Communication
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Cell-Cell Recognition
Cell-Cell Recognition
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MHC Proteins
MHC Proteins
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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
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Autocrine Signaling
Autocrine Signaling
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Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
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Endocrine Signaling
Endocrine Signaling
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Paracrine Signaling
Paracrine Signaling
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Synaptic Signaling
Synaptic Signaling
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What is a ligand?
What is a ligand?
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What is a receptor?
What is a receptor?
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How does a cell respond to a specific signal?
How does a cell respond to a specific signal?
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How can a cell make complex responses with limited signals?
How can a cell make complex responses with limited signals?
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What is cell communication?
What is cell communication?
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Extracellular signal molecules
Extracellular signal molecules
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Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling
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Intracellular Receptors
Intracellular Receptors
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Steroid Receptors
Steroid Receptors
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Hormone-Binding Domain
Hormone-Binding Domain
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DNA-Binding Domain
DNA-Binding Domain
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Hydrophilic Signal Molecules
Hydrophilic Signal Molecules
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Examples of Hydrophilic Signals
Examples of Hydrophilic Signals
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Hydrophobic Signal Molecules
Hydrophobic Signal Molecules
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Examples of Hydrophobic Signals
Examples of Hydrophobic Signals
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Cell Surface Receptors
Cell Surface Receptors
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Intracellular Signaling Pathway
Intracellular Signaling Pathway
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Target Proteins
Target Proteins
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How do hydrophobic signaling molecules act?
How do hydrophobic signaling molecules act?
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What happens after a steroid hormone binds to its intracellular receptor?
What happens after a steroid hormone binds to its intracellular receptor?
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How does the steroid hormone-receptor complex affect the cell's function?
How does the steroid hormone-receptor complex affect the cell's function?
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What is Nitric Oxide (NO) and what is its role in signaling?
What is Nitric Oxide (NO) and what is its role in signaling?
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How does NO influence smooth muscle relaxation?
How does NO influence smooth muscle relaxation?
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Study Notes
Cell Communication Overview
- Cell signaling is crucial for all living things
- All cells must respond to their environment
- In unicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to its environment and signaling between organisms
- Cell signaling is essential for the existence of multicellular organisms
- Cells communicate in order to proliferate, differentiate, migrate, and maintain a healthy state
- Errors in cellular information processing can lead to diseases like cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes
- Cells in multicellular organisms communicate via chemical messengers
- Communication between cells involves ligands (extracellular signaling molecules) produced by signaling cells, and receptor proteins on target cells to initiate intracellular responses via signal transduction pathways
Definitions
- Ligand: A chemical signal that binds to a receptor
- Receptor: A protein capable of binding to a signal (molecule) or detecting a signal (light or other non-molecular signals)
- Reception: The binding of a signal molecule to a receptor, which causes the receptor's shape to change
- Kinase: An enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein (usually activating it)
- Phosphatase: An enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein (usually inactivating it)
- Second messenger: A small, non-protein molecule that rapidly diffuses through the cell during signal transduction, like cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+
- Signal transduction: The process of converting a signal into a cellular response
Types of Cell Signaling
- Direct contact: Cell-cell or cell-matrix contact using membrane-bound receptors
- Example: Animal and plant cells use cell junctions to directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells (gap junctions, plasmodesmata)
- Cell-cell recognition: direct physical contact through signal molecules lodged in the plasma membrane of one cell and receptor proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of the target cell
- Crucial in regulating cell behavior in tissues and during embryonic development
- Indirect Signaling (chemical signaling): There are three kinds of chemical signaling
- Autocrine: Cells respond to signaling molecules that they themselves produce (e.g., immune system response to foreign antigens, cancer cells) and the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in monocytes.
- Paracrine: Signaling molecules released by one cell act on neighboring target cells (e.g., neurotransmitters at synapses, cytokines causing inflammatory response, growth factors for wound healing)
- Endocrine: Signaling molecules (hormones) secreted by endocrine cells, travel through the circulatory system to act on target cells at distant body sites (e.g., progesterone, testosterone, thyroid hormones)
- Synaptic Signaling: Neuronal signals are transmitted along axons to remote target cells. Neurotransmitters are involved.
Cell Responses
- Each cell responds to a limited set of signals, responding selectively to the specific combinations of extracellular signal molecules it receives.
- The response may alter cell shape, movement, metabolism or gene expression in various ways
- Cell response to a signal molecule depends on whether it possesses a receptor for that signal
- The complexity of response can be in ways by which signal molecule affects certain proteins
- Extracellular signals alter the activity of various cell proteins to change cell behavior
- Signal molecule binds to a cell-surface receptor protein
- Receptor protein activates intracellular signaling pathway mediated by intracellular signaling proteins
- Signaling proteins interact with target proteins, altering their function
- Signaling cascades (intracellular signaling molecules): transform the signal into a molecular form suitable for passing the signal, amplifying signals and distributing signals to influence several processes
- Cell responses involving gene expression and protein synthesis occur relatively slowly.
Receptor types
- Cell surface receptors: For hydrophilic signals, receptors embedded in the plasma membrane
- Intracellular receptors: For hydrophobic signals, receptors located inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)
Intracellular Receptors
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Intracellular receptors are cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins
-
Receptors are usually in the cytoplasm until a ligand binds, then they move to the nucleus
-
Signal molecules for intracellular receptors are lipid-soluble
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Steroid receptors have 3 domains
- Hormone-binding domain
- DNA binding domain
- Domain that interacts with co-activators to affect gene expression
-
Ligands include proteins, peptides, amino acids, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various types of signaling mechanisms in the body, focusing on endocrine signaling. This quiz covers topics such as signaling molecules, characteristics of endocrine signaling, and hormones produced by the pituitary gland. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these biological processes!