L2 (T2): Reproductive endocrinology
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is synthesized by the testes?

  • Progesterone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone

    • What is the primary hormone involved in normal follicular development?

  • 17β-estradiol
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (correct)
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Progesterone

    • Which hormone is involved in the control of the menstrual and ovarian cycles?

  • Luteinizing hormone
  • 17β-estradiol
  • Progesterone (correct)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone

    • What is the primary function of 17β-estradiol in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Regulating menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is a part of the hypothalamic pituitary axis?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of hormonal control of fertility?

    <p>Induction of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormonal contraceptives primarily act on the reproductive system?

    <p>Inhibiting ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of 17β-estradiol deprivation?

    <p>Thinning of vaginal walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do progestogen only contraceptives (POCs) primarily act?

    <p>By thickening cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of the onset of menopause?

    <p>Decreasing number of follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age at which 90% of women experience menopause?

    <p>51.2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) act on the reproductive system?

    <p>By impairing LH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of 17β-estradiol deprivation on bone density?

    <p>Decreased bone density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of progestogens in hormonal contraceptives?

    <p>Thickening cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?

    <p>Low estrogen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?

    <p>Anovulatory cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells within the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of progesterone and 17β-estradiol?

    <p>Developing the endometrium and driving the development of secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are involved in the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?

    <p>FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives protein expression changes in various tissues due to testosterone?

    <p>Testosterone itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells aid in moving immobile spermatozoa within the testes?

    <p>Myoid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of FSH in the ovaries?

    <p>Promotes follicular maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to testosterone levels with age post-puberty?

    <p>Gradually decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Secreting progesterone following ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone weakens the wall of the follicle and stimulates ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disrupts normal spermatogenesis in males?

    <p>Dysfunction at the testes or hypothalamus/pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the joint action of thecal and granulosa cells to produce increasing amounts of 17βestradiol during the follicular phase?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone increases negative feedback onto FSH during the follicular phase?

    <p>17β-estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of subfertility in females?

    <p>Ovulatory defects or pelvic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of inhibin in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Inhibiting the release of LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the female reproductive system, what is the primary function of the theca cells?

    <p>Secretion of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Secretion of progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for promoting spermatogenesis by binding to sertoli cells?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which dihydrotestosterone exerts its effects?

    <p>Binding to intracellular receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

    <p>5-alpha reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of decrease in testosterone production after puberty?

    <p>1% per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is correlated with increased aggression, particularly in lab animals?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for the conversion of androgens into oestrogen in the ovaries?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major type of oestrogen, and the primary one to be considered?

    <p>Oestradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in cells most sensitive to it?

    <p>5α-reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in bone remodeling and maintenance, regulating bone density and adipose tissue deposition?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key roles of luteinizing hormone, oestradiol, and progesterone in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main phases involved in the uterine cycle?

    <p>Menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of estrogen in males?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates testosterone production in the testes?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myoid cells within the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?

    <p>Supporting spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which axis regulates testosterone production in the testes?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the conversion of remaining cells into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone?

    <p>Maintenance of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol?

    <p>Aromatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce 17 beta oestradiol under the influence of luteinizing hormone?

    <p>Faecal and granuloma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial product of the synthesis pathway of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of granulosa cells in the synthesis of estrogen?

    <p>Conversion of testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine Control of Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles

    • The conversion of androgens to estrogens is promoted by FSH in granulosa cells, which highly express aromatase.
    • The menstrual cycle is dictated by the ovarian cycle, with the luteal phase having an average duration of 28+/-7 days and involving the corpus luteum.
    • FSH promotes follicular development, while LH degrades the follicular wall and promotes ovulation, and later the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.
    • The joint action of thecal and granulosa cells produces increasing amounts of 17βestradiol during the follicular phase.
    • 17β-estradiol from the graafian follicle increases negative feedback onto FSH, and once it surpasses a certain level, feedback switches and becomes positive.
    • The LH surge weakens the wall of the follicle and stimulates ovulation, while also stimulating the remaining thecal and granulosa cells to produce progesterone instead of 17βestradiol.
    • The corpus luteum produces progesterone for ~ 10 days following ovulation, maintaining the endometrium and increasing vascularization, and thickening the cervical mucus.
    • Progesterone is most prominently elevated during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
    • Subfertility in males can arise from disruptions in normal spermatogenesis, sperm transport, production of seminal plasma, or penetration of cervical mucus by sperm.
    • Spermatogenesis depends on the joint action of FSH and testosterone, and male hypogonadism usually arises from dysfunction at the testes or hypothalamus/pituitary.
    • Subfertility in females can arise from ovulatory defects or pelvic disorders, with age being a controlling factor due to age-dependent loss of ovarian follicles.
    • With decreasing follicular number, there is an increasing likelihood of FSH not locating a follicle properly, and about 90% of women experience menopause at an average age of 51.

    Ovarian Hormone Synthesis and Function

    • Ovaries are the site of hormone synthesis and not spermatogenesis in biological females.
    • Primordial follicles in the ovary develop into graphene follicles, leading to ovulation.
    • Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of faecal and granuloma cells in the secondary follicle.
    • Faecal and granuloma cells produce 17 beta oestradiol, the major estrogen, under the influence of luteinizing hormone.
    • Luteinizing hormone is responsible for ovulation and the conversion of remaining cells into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.
    • The synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries involves the action of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
    • The synthesis pathway of these hormones involves the conversion of cholesterol into progesterone, followed by the androgen pathway leading to testosterone, and finally into 17 beta oestradiol.
    • Granulosa cells have high levels of aromatase, which converts testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol, and LH promotes androgen production in these cells.
    • The joint action of faecal and granuloma cells is crucial for the production of estrogen.
    • Steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone act as transcription factors and bind to specific proteins for their function.
    • The primary function of 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone is the development and maintenance of the endometrium.
    • The synthesis and function of estrogen and progesterone involve classical negative feedback mechanisms and are essential for the female reproductive system.

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    Related Documents

    Reproductive Endocrinology - Student Copy.pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the endocrine control of ovarian and menstrual cycles with this quiz. Explore the roles of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone in the regulation of female reproductive processes. Learn about factors affecting fertility in both males and females, including ovulatory defects, subfertility, and menopause.

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