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Questions and Answers
Which hormone is synthesized by the testes?
Which hormone is synthesized by the testes?
- Progesterone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Testosterone (correct)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
What is the primary hormone involved in normal follicular development?
What is the primary hormone involved in normal follicular development?
- 17β-estradiol
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (correct)
- Luteinizing hormone
- Progesterone
Which hormone is involved in the control of the menstrual and ovarian cycles?
Which hormone is involved in the control of the menstrual and ovarian cycles?
- Luteinizing hormone
- 17β-estradiol
- Progesterone (correct)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
What is the primary function of 17β-estradiol in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of 17β-estradiol in the female reproductive system?
Which component is a part of the hypothalamic pituitary axis?
Which component is a part of the hypothalamic pituitary axis?
What is the primary outcome of hormonal control of fertility?
What is the primary outcome of hormonal control of fertility?
How do hormonal contraceptives primarily act on the reproductive system?
How do hormonal contraceptives primarily act on the reproductive system?
What is the consequence of 17β-estradiol deprivation?
What is the consequence of 17β-estradiol deprivation?
How do progestogen only contraceptives (POCs) primarily act?
How do progestogen only contraceptives (POCs) primarily act?
What is the main consequence of the onset of menopause?
What is the main consequence of the onset of menopause?
What is the average age at which 90% of women experience menopause?
What is the average age at which 90% of women experience menopause?
How do combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) act on the reproductive system?
How do combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) act on the reproductive system?
What is the effect of 17β-estradiol deprivation on bone density?
What is the effect of 17β-estradiol deprivation on bone density?
What is the primary role of progestogens in hormonal contraceptives?
What is the primary role of progestogens in hormonal contraceptives?
What is the main cause of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?
What is the main cause of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?
What is the consequence of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?
What is the consequence of LH failure to stimulate ovulation?
Which cells within the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone?
Which cells within the seminiferous tubules produce testosterone?
What is the primary function of progesterone and 17β-estradiol?
What is the primary function of progesterone and 17β-estradiol?
Which hormones are involved in the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?
Which hormones are involved in the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?
What drives protein expression changes in various tissues due to testosterone?
What drives protein expression changes in various tissues due to testosterone?
Which cells aid in moving immobile spermatozoa within the testes?
Which cells aid in moving immobile spermatozoa within the testes?
What is the action of FSH in the ovaries?
What is the action of FSH in the ovaries?
What happens to testosterone levels with age post-puberty?
What happens to testosterone levels with age post-puberty?
What is the main function of the corpus luteum?
What is the main function of the corpus luteum?
What hormone weakens the wall of the follicle and stimulates ovulation?
What hormone weakens the wall of the follicle and stimulates ovulation?
What disrupts normal spermatogenesis in males?
What disrupts normal spermatogenesis in males?
What is the main hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What is the main hormone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What causes the joint action of thecal and granulosa cells to produce increasing amounts of 17βestradiol during the follicular phase?
What causes the joint action of thecal and granulosa cells to produce increasing amounts of 17βestradiol during the follicular phase?
What hormone increases negative feedback onto FSH during the follicular phase?
What hormone increases negative feedback onto FSH during the follicular phase?
What is the main cause of subfertility in females?
What is the main cause of subfertility in females?
What is the primary role of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
What is the primary role of inhibin in the male reproductive system?
Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics?
In the female reproductive system, what is the primary function of the theca cells?
In the female reproductive system, what is the primary function of the theca cells?
What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?
What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?
Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting spermatogenesis by binding to sertoli cells?
Which hormone is responsible for promoting spermatogenesis by binding to sertoli cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which dihydrotestosterone exerts its effects?
What is the primary mechanism by which dihydrotestosterone exerts its effects?
What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
Which cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules?
Which cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules?
What is the rate of decrease in testosterone production after puberty?
What is the rate of decrease in testosterone production after puberty?
Which hormone is correlated with increased aggression, particularly in lab animals?
Which hormone is correlated with increased aggression, particularly in lab animals?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the conversion of androgens into oestrogen in the ovaries?
Which cells are primarily responsible for the conversion of androgens into oestrogen in the ovaries?
What is the major type of oestrogen, and the primary one to be considered?
What is the major type of oestrogen, and the primary one to be considered?
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in cells most sensitive to it?
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT in cells most sensitive to it?
Which hormone is involved in bone remodeling and maintenance, regulating bone density and adipose tissue deposition?
Which hormone is involved in bone remodeling and maintenance, regulating bone density and adipose tissue deposition?
What are the key roles of luteinizing hormone, oestradiol, and progesterone in the ovarian cycle?
What are the key roles of luteinizing hormone, oestradiol, and progesterone in the ovarian cycle?
What are the main phases involved in the uterine cycle?
What are the main phases involved in the uterine cycle?
What is the primary source of estrogen in males?
What is the primary source of estrogen in males?
Which hormone regulates testosterone production in the testes?
Which hormone regulates testosterone production in the testes?
What is the main function of myoid cells within the seminiferous tubules?
What is the main function of myoid cells within the seminiferous tubules?
Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes?
Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in the testes?
Which axis regulates testosterone production in the testes?
Which axis regulates testosterone production in the testes?
Which hormone is responsible for the conversion of remaining cells into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone?
Which hormone is responsible for the conversion of remaining cells into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone?
What is the primary function of 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone?
What is the primary function of 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone?
What is the main enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol?
What is the main enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol?
Which cells produce 17 beta oestradiol under the influence of luteinizing hormone?
Which cells produce 17 beta oestradiol under the influence of luteinizing hormone?
What is the initial product of the synthesis pathway of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?
What is the initial product of the synthesis pathway of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries?
What is the main function of granulosa cells in the synthesis of estrogen?
What is the main function of granulosa cells in the synthesis of estrogen?
Study Notes
Endocrine Control of Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles
- The conversion of androgens to estrogens is promoted by FSH in granulosa cells, which highly express aromatase.
- The menstrual cycle is dictated by the ovarian cycle, with the luteal phase having an average duration of 28+/-7 days and involving the corpus luteum.
- FSH promotes follicular development, while LH degrades the follicular wall and promotes ovulation, and later the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.
- The joint action of thecal and granulosa cells produces increasing amounts of 17βestradiol during the follicular phase.
- 17β-estradiol from the graafian follicle increases negative feedback onto FSH, and once it surpasses a certain level, feedback switches and becomes positive.
- The LH surge weakens the wall of the follicle and stimulates ovulation, while also stimulating the remaining thecal and granulosa cells to produce progesterone instead of 17βestradiol.
- The corpus luteum produces progesterone for ~ 10 days following ovulation, maintaining the endometrium and increasing vascularization, and thickening the cervical mucus.
- Progesterone is most prominently elevated during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
- Subfertility in males can arise from disruptions in normal spermatogenesis, sperm transport, production of seminal plasma, or penetration of cervical mucus by sperm.
- Spermatogenesis depends on the joint action of FSH and testosterone, and male hypogonadism usually arises from dysfunction at the testes or hypothalamus/pituitary.
- Subfertility in females can arise from ovulatory defects or pelvic disorders, with age being a controlling factor due to age-dependent loss of ovarian follicles.
- With decreasing follicular number, there is an increasing likelihood of FSH not locating a follicle properly, and about 90% of women experience menopause at an average age of 51.
Ovarian Hormone Synthesis and Function
- Ovaries are the site of hormone synthesis and not spermatogenesis in biological females.
- Primordial follicles in the ovary develop into graphene follicles, leading to ovulation.
- Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the development of faecal and granuloma cells in the secondary follicle.
- Faecal and granuloma cells produce 17 beta oestradiol, the major estrogen, under the influence of luteinizing hormone.
- Luteinizing hormone is responsible for ovulation and the conversion of remaining cells into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.
- The synthesis of estrogen and progesterone in the ovaries involves the action of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
- The synthesis pathway of these hormones involves the conversion of cholesterol into progesterone, followed by the androgen pathway leading to testosterone, and finally into 17 beta oestradiol.
- Granulosa cells have high levels of aromatase, which converts testosterone to 17 beta oestradiol, and LH promotes androgen production in these cells.
- The joint action of faecal and granuloma cells is crucial for the production of estrogen.
- Steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone act as transcription factors and bind to specific proteins for their function.
- The primary function of 17 beta oestradiol and progesterone is the development and maintenance of the endometrium.
- The synthesis and function of estrogen and progesterone involve classical negative feedback mechanisms and are essential for the female reproductive system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the endocrine control of ovarian and menstrual cycles with this quiz. Explore the roles of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone in the regulation of female reproductive processes. Learn about factors affecting fertility in both males and females, including ovulatory defects, subfertility, and menopause.
