Endocrine Regulation: Basic Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of endocrine physiology?

  • Defining anatomical boundaries
  • Maintaining various aspects of homeostasis (correct)
  • Producing steroids and amines
  • Regulating the autonomic nervous system

    • What is a characteristic of the endocrine system?

  • It operates as a centralized system
  • It operates as a distributed network (correct)
  • It is defined by distinct anatomical boundaries
  • It functions independently of the nervous system

    • What is the most common type of hormone?

  • Steroid hormones
  • Heterodimer hormones
  • Peptide hormones (correct)
  • Amine hormones

    • What is a characteristic of peptide hormones?

    <p>Many are heterodimers with a common α chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the number of hormones and their diversity increase in higher life forms?

    <p>Because of the added challenges in providing for homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of hormone families?

    <p>They have similar structural and functional characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)?

    <p>Transferring cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane leaflet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of controlling synthesis of amine and steroid hormones?

    <p>Regulating the production of key synthetic enzymes and substrate availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of phosphorylation on StAR?

    <p>Activation of StAR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first intermediate in the steroid biosynthetic pathway?

    <p>Pregnenolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of processing large polypeptide chains into smaller hormone molecules in peptide hormone synthesis?

    <p>To provide a level of genetic economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hormone precursors typically inactive?

    <p>To provide an additional measure of regulatory control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of extracellular signals in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis?

    <p>Activation of protein kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nuclear receptors in regulating hormone transcription?

    <p>To bind to specific regions of peptide hormone genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of some hormone secretion?

    <p>Pulsatile manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate-limiting first step in the synthesis of pregnenolone?

    <p>Transfer of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane leaflet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thyroid hormone regulate TSH expression?

    <p>By directly suppressing TSH expression via the thyroid hormone receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated levels of circulating glucose on insulin mRNA?

    <p>It stimulates the translation of insulin mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate result of the concerted action of hormones in the body?

    <p>Maintenance of homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to certain hormones when they pass through the pulmonary circulation or the liver?

    <p>They are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT a key contributor to homeostasis?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do hydrophilic hormones, such as peptides and catecholamines, bind to?

    <p>Cell surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hormone binding on the second class of nuclear receptors?

    <p>Removal of a co-repressor and recruitment of a co-activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) in the plasma?

    <p>To bind testosterone and 17β-estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for hydrophobic hormones?

    <p>Binding to nuclear receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of regulating the expression and secretion of carrier proteins on hormone bioavailability?

    <p>It increases the bioavailability of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of altering the levels of binding proteins or displacing hormones bound to them in a pathophysiologic setting?

    <p>It may have clinical implications for endocrine homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anatomic relationship of sites of release and action of hormones in their regulation?

    <p>It plays a key role in hormone regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transcortin in the plasma?

    <p>To bind progesterone, cortisol, and other corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the equilibrium between the SBP-hormone complex and the free hormone in the plasma?

    <p>Only the free hormone can diffuse across cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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