Physiology: Endocrine
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Questions and Answers

What is the response to a decrease in serum Ca2+ concentration in the parathyroid gland?

  • Increased secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • Increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (correct)

What is the result of parathyroid hormone's actions on bone, kidney, and intestine?

  • Variable serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Unchanged serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Decreased serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Increased serum Ca2+ concentration (correct)

What happens to parathyroid hormone secretion when serum Ca2+ concentration increases?

  • Parathyroid hormone secretion remains unchanged
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion decreases (correct)
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion is abolished
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion increases

Which hormone inhibits the secretion of prolactin?

<p>Prolactin-inhibiting factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of positive feedback?

<p>It is a self-reinforcing process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of TSH and prolactin?

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes sperm maturation?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates milk production and breast development?

<p>Prolactin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of water by renal collecting ducts?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of melanin?

<p>Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the surge of luteinizing hormone just before ovulation?

<p>An increase in estrogen secretion by the ovaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of down-regulation of receptors?

<p>Progesterone down-regulating its own receptor and the receptor for estrogen in the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of G proteins in hormone signaling?

<p>To couple hormone receptors to adjacent effector molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a G protein when GTP is bound to its a subunit?

<p>The G protein becomes active (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of estrogen up-regulation of its own receptor in the ovary?

<p>An increase in the sensitivity of the ovary to estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of G proteins?

<p>They have intrinsic GTPase activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of activity do catalytic receptors possess on the intracellular side of the membrane?

<p>Enzymatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second messenger produced in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

<p>cGMP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipase C in the IP3-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway?

<p>Breaks down PIP₂ to produce IP₃ and DAG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is associated with guanylyl cyclase activity?

<p>Receptor guanylyl cyclase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protein kinase C in the IP3-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway?

<p>Phosphorylates and activates downstream targets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor is associated with tyrosine kinase activity?

<p>Tyrosine kinase receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a stimulatory G protein on adenylate cyclase?

<p>It activates adenylate cyclase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP pathway?

<p>It degrades cAMP to 5'-AMP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of IP3 mobilizing Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>It activates protein kinase C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the G protein in the IP3 mechanism?

<p>It activates phospholipase C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an inhibitory G protein on adenylate cyclase?

<p>It inhibits adenylate cyclase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of protein kinase A in the cAMP pathway?

<p>It phosphorylates specific proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from a different precursor than ACTH?

<p>FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GHRH in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?

<p>Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sleep on growth hormone secretion?

<p>Increases growth hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stimulator of growth hormone secretion?

<p>Obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic shared by TSH, LH, and FSH?

<p>They all have identical α subunits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?

<p>Inhibits growth hormone synthesis and secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of steroid hormones to their receptors?

<p>The hormone-receptor complex dimerizes and binds to DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamichypophysial portal system?

<p>To deliver hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

<p>Derived from neural tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nerve cell bodies in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>To synthesize and release hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth hormone and prolactin in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>They are discussed in detail in this section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

<p>They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and regulate gene transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which prolactin inhibits its own secretion?

<p>By stimulating the release of dopamine from the hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypothalamic destruction on prolactin secretion?

<p>Increased prolactin secretion due to loss of tonic inhibitory control by dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prolactin on ovulation?

<p>It inhibits ovulation by decreasing GnRH release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of prolactin deficiency?

<p>Failure to lactate due to decreased casein and lactalbumin synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sleep on prolactin secretion?

<p>It increases prolactin secretion due to increased TRH release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of estrogen in regulating prolactin secretion?

<p>It stimulates prolactin secretion during pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of somatomedins in relation to growth hormone?

<p>They inhibit the secretion of growth hormone by acting directly on the anterior pituitary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does growth hormone affect its own secretion?

<p>It inhibits its own secretion by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose uptake into cells?

<p>It decreases glucose uptake into cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the receptor for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) similar to?

<p>The receptor for insulin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis in muscle?

<p>It stimulates protein synthesis in muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GHRH in growth hormone secretion?

<p>It stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone in the body?

<p>To regulate the serum osmolarity by increasing the H2O permeability of the late distal tubules and collecting ducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone in the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

<p>Via a V2 receptor and an adenylate cyclase-cAMP mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on vascular smooth muscle?

<p>Constriction of vascular smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the thick ascending limb?

<p>Increased Na+-2CI--K+ cotransport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the inner medullary collecting ducts?

<p>Increased urea recycling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of origin of oxytocin in the hypothalamus?

<p>Paraventricular nuclei (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which TSH increases thyroid hormone secretion?

<p>via an adenylate cyclase-cAMP mechanism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic elevation of TSH on the thyroid gland?

<p>hypertrophy of the thyroid gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in patients with Graves disease?

<p>they bind to TSH receptors and stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T3 in growth attainment?

<p>it acts synergistically with growth hormone and somatomedins to promote bone formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of T3 on TSH secretion?

<p>it inhibits TSH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative potency of T3 compared to T4?

<p>T3 is three to four times more potent than T4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of 1- to 12 that is reactive and will be 'organified' by combination with tyrosine on thyroglobulin?

<p>12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is inhibited by propylthiouracil, leading to a reduction in thyroid hormone synthesis?

<p>Peroxidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high levels of I- on the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

<p>Inhibition of organification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the more active form of thyroid hormone synthesized in the thyroid gland?

<p>T3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the coupling of one molecule of DIT with one molecule of MIT?

<p>Formation of T3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the organification of 12 take place in the thyroid gland?

<p>Junction of follicular cells and follicular lumen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high thyroid hormone levels on TSH levels?

<p>Decreases TSH levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of estrogen production?

<p>Ovaries and placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low thyroid hormone levels on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Increases TSH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of propylthiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

<p>Inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oxidizing the A ring in the production of estrogens?

<p>Formation of estrogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency on bone age in relation to chronological age?

<p>Bone age is less than chronological age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thyroid hormone in the central nervous system during the perinatal period?

<p>Maturation of the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on the autonomic nervous system?

<p>It increases sympathetic nervous system activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on basal metabolic rate (BMR) in most tissues?

<p>It increases BMR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of hypothyroidism on mental function in adulthood?

<p>It causes listlessness and impaired memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on Na+, K+-ATPase activity?

<p>It increases Na+, K+-ATPase activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hydroxylation at C-17 in the production of steroids?

<p>Production of glucocorticoids (cortisol) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of 19-carbon steroids?

<p>They have androgenic activity and are precursors to estrogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cleaving the C20,21 side chain in previously hydroxylated steroids?

<p>Production of 19-carbon steroids, such as dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of adrenal androgens?

<p>They have a ketone group at C-17 and are excreted as 17-ketosteroids in the urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of converting androstenedione in the testes?

<p>Production of testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hypothyroidism?

<p>Decreased metabolic rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of glucocorticoid deficiency?

<p>Lack of pubic and axillary hair in women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Cushing syndrome?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?

<p>No hyperpigmentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of elevated cortisol levels?

<p>Hyperglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Cushing disease?

<p>Overproduction of ACTH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for aldosterone-secreting tumors?

<p>Surgical removal of the tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone increases renal Na+ reabsorption?

<p>By increasing the permeability of the distal tubule to sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal cortex?

<p>It increases the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperkalemia on aldosterone secretion?

<p>It increases aldosterone secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis?

<p>By increasing protein catabolism in muscle and decreasing protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue?

<p>They decrease glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on lipolysis?

<p>They increase lipolysis and provide more glycerol to the liver for gluconeogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the synthesis of 17-hydroxyprogesterone?

<p>17a-hydroxylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

<p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Addison disease?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily rhythm of cortisol secretion in individuals who sleep at night?

<p>Highest in the morning and lowest in the evening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low cortisol levels on ACTH secretion?

<p>Stimulates ACTH secretion by negative feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second messenger involved in the signaling pathway of CRH?

<p>cAMP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hyperpigmentation in Addison disease?

<p>Caused by the stimulation of MSH by ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone deficiency on the body?

<p>Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of mineralocorticoids?

<p>Zona glomerulosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of weight loss in Addison disease?

<p>Caused by the deficiency of cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the enzyme 17,20-lyase?

<p>Androstanedione (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Cushing disease?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of elevated cortisol levels on bone?

<p>Increased bone resorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ketoconazola in treating Cushing disease?

<p>Inhibiting steroid hormone synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hyperaldosteronism-Conn syndrome?

<p>Hypertension and hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common biochemical abnormality of the steroidogenic pathway?

<p>21-Hydroxylase deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cortisol and aldosterone levels in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

<p>Both decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of insulin binding to its receptor?

<p>Increased phosphorylation of J3 subunits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors decreases insulin secretion?

<p>Somatostatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake into target cells?

<p>Increased glucose transporters are inserted into cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insulin down-regulating its own receptors?

<p>Decreased insulin sensitivity in target tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones has an opposite effect on blood glucose levels compared to insulin?

<p>Glucagon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of starvation on insulin receptor levels?

<p>Increased insulin receptor levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net effect on serum [Ca2+] in growing children?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the C peptide in diabetic patients?

<p>To monitor beta cell function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucose on the beta cells?

<p>Closing of K+ channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a major role in regulating serum [Ca2+]?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylurea drugs on insulin secretion?

<p>Closing of K+ channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Ca2+ absorption in the intestine when vitamin D is activated?

<p>It increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

<p>It increases reabsorption of Ca2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic of the insulin receptor?

<p>Tetramer with two a subunits and two β subunits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?

<p>It decreases bone resorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the β subunits of the insulin receptor?

<p>Intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of depolarization of the beta cells?

<p>Increase in intracellular [Ca2+] and secretion of insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a negative Ca2+ balance in women during pregnancy or lactation?

<p>Ca2+ is mobilized from the maternal bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased serum magnesium levels on parathyroid hormone secretion?

<p>Initially stimulates, then inhibits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response to increased serum calcium levels in the parathyroid gland?

<p>Inhibits PTH secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which decreased serum calcium levels stimulate PTH secretion?

<p>Decreased binding to Ca2+-sensing receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second messenger for PTH secretion by the parathyroid gland?

<p>cAMP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of PTH actions on its target tissues?

<p>Increase in serum calcium and decrease in serum phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of insulin on glycogen metabolism?

<p>Inhibition of glycogenolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on blood fatty acid concentration?

<p>Decreased blood fatty acid concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on protein metabolism?

<p>Stimulation of amino acid uptake and protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on blood K+ concentration?

<p>Decreased blood K+ concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia in the case study?

<p>Insulin deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on phosphofructokinase activity?

<p>Stimulation of phosphofructokinase activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

<p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the serum ionized [Ca2+]?

<p>It increases the serum ionized [Ca2+] (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of parathyroid hormone-mediated bone resorption on hydroxyproline excretion?

<p>It increases hydroxyproline excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on urinary cAMP excretion?

<p>It increases urinary cAMP excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary hyperparathyroidism in terms of serum [Ca2+]?

<p>It is characterized by hypercalcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on intestinal Ca2+ absorption?

<p>It increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption indirectly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hypocalcemia in chronic renal failure?

<p>Increased serum phosphate levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1?

<p>Defective G protein in the kidney and bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of furosemide on hypocalcemia?

<p>It increases serum calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Sa-reductase in the accessory sex organs?

<p>To convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)?

<p>Decreased urinary Ca2+ excretion and increased serum Ca2+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure?

<p>Increased bone resorption and osteomalacia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

<p>GnRH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of etidronate on hypocalcemia?

<p>It inhibits bone resorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibin on FSH secretion?

<p>Negative feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells do not contain 21-hydroxylase or 11-hydroxylase?

<p>Leydig cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of LH on the Leydig cells?

<p>Stimulation of testosterone synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of finasteride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

<p>Blockage of testosterone activation to dihydrotestosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?

<p>To increase intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased serum calcium levels on 1α-hydroxylase activity?

<p>It increases the activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an inactive form of vitamin D?

<p>25-hydroxycholecalciferol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein (calbindin D-28K) in the intestine?

<p>It is involved in calcium absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of vitamin D deficiency in children?

<p>Rickets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased serum phosphate levels on 1α-hydroxylase activity?

<p>It decreases the activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of testosterone in the regulation of spermatogenesis?

<p>It reinforces the spermatogenic effects of FSH in the Sertoli cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a crucial role in the regulation of male reproductive hormones?

<p>GnRH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of testosterone synthesis?

<p>Leydig cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of testosterone on the Sertoli cells?

<p>It stimulates the production of inhibin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

<p>5-alpha-reductase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of testosterone on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Inhibition of LH secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibin in the regulation of FSH secretion?

<p>Inhibition of FSH secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dihydrotestosterone on target tissues?

<p>Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GnRH on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells?

<p>Converts testosterone to 17β-estradiol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of androgen insensitivity disorder?

<p>Deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates puberty in males and females?

<p>Onset of pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in childhood?

<p>FSH &gt; LH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of androstenedione in the ovary?

<p>Theca cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of lack of testosterone receptors in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Increased testosterone levels due to lack of feedback inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in senescence?

<p>FSH &gt; LH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of LH in the ovary?

<p>Stimulates the synthesis of androstenedione (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibin on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Inhibits the secretion of FSH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of testosterone on the epididymis?

<p>Differentiates the epididymis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of androgen insensitivity disorder?

<p>Deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the prostate?

<p>Stimulates the growth of prostate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of estrogen in the ovary?

<p>Granulosa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of testosterone on the anterior pituitary?

<p>Inhibits the secretion of LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in the ovary?

<p>17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trigger for the onset of puberty in males?

<p>The pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in childhood?

<p>FSH &gt; LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of GnRH on its own receptor in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Up-regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of diffusion of androstenedione in the ovary?

<p>From theca cells to granulosa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in senescence?

<p>FSH &gt; LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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