Physiology: Endocrine
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Questions and Answers

What is the response to a decrease in serum Ca2+ concentration in the parathyroid gland?

  • Increased secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • Increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (correct)

    • What is the result of parathyroid hormone's actions on bone, kidney, and intestine?

  • Variable serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Unchanged serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Decreased serum Ca2+ concentration
  • Increased serum Ca2+ concentration (correct)

    • What happens to parathyroid hormone secretion when serum Ca2+ concentration increases?

  • Parathyroid hormone secretion remains unchanged
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion decreases (correct)
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion is abolished
  • Parathyroid hormone secretion increases

    • Which hormone inhibits the secretion of prolactin?

    <p>Prolactin-inhibiting factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of positive feedback?

    <p>It is a self-reinforcing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the secretion of TSH and prolactin?

    <p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes sperm maturation?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates milk production and breast development?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the reabsorption of water by renal collecting ducts?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of melanin?

    <p>Melanocyte-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the surge of luteinizing hormone just before ovulation?

    <p>An increase in estrogen secretion by the ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of down-regulation of receptors?

    <p>Progesterone down-regulating its own receptor and the receptor for estrogen in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of G proteins in hormone signaling?

    <p>To couple hormone receptors to adjacent effector molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a G protein when GTP is bound to its a subunit?

    <p>The G protein becomes active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of estrogen up-regulation of its own receptor in the ovary?

    <p>An increase in the sensitivity of the ovary to estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of G proteins?

    <p>They have intrinsic GTPase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of activity do catalytic receptors possess on the intracellular side of the membrane?

    <p>Enzymatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second messenger produced in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phospholipase C in the IP3-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway?

    <p>Breaks down PIP₂ to produce IP₃ and DAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is associated with guanylyl cyclase activity?

    <p>Receptor guanylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protein kinase C in the IP3-Ca²⁺ signaling pathway?

    <p>Phosphorylates and activates downstream targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is associated with tyrosine kinase activity?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a stimulatory G protein on adenylate cyclase?

    <p>It activates adenylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phosphodiesterase in the cAMP pathway?

    <p>It degrades cAMP to 5'-AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of IP3 mobilizing Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>It activates protein kinase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the G protein in the IP3 mechanism?

    <p>It activates phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an inhibitory G protein on adenylate cyclase?

    <p>It inhibits adenylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protein kinase A in the cAMP pathway?

    <p>It phosphorylates specific proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is synthesized from a different precursor than ACTH?

    <p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GHRH in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sleep on growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Increases growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stimulator of growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural characteristic shared by TSH, LH, and FSH?

    <p>They all have identical α subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?

    <p>Inhibits growth hormone synthesis and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the binding of steroid hormones to their receptors?

    <p>The hormone-receptor complex dimerizes and binds to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamichypophysial portal system?

    <p>To deliver hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Derived from neural tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nerve cell bodies in the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>To synthesize and release hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth hormone and prolactin in the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>They are discussed in detail in this section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

    <p>They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and regulate gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which prolactin inhibits its own secretion?

    <p>By stimulating the release of dopamine from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypothalamic destruction on prolactin secretion?

    <p>Increased prolactin secretion due to loss of tonic inhibitory control by dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prolactin on ovulation?

    <p>It inhibits ovulation by decreasing GnRH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolactin deficiency?

    <p>Failure to lactate due to decreased casein and lactalbumin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sleep on prolactin secretion?

    <p>It increases prolactin secretion due to increased TRH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estrogen in regulating prolactin secretion?

    <p>It stimulates prolactin secretion during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatomedins in relation to growth hormone?

    <p>They inhibit the secretion of growth hormone by acting directly on the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does growth hormone affect its own secretion?

    <p>It inhibits its own secretion by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on glucose uptake into cells?

    <p>It decreases glucose uptake into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the receptor for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) similar to?

    <p>The receptor for insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis in muscle?

    <p>It stimulates protein synthesis in muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GHRH in growth hormone secretion?

    <p>It stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone in the body?

    <p>To regulate the serum osmolarity by increasing the H2O permeability of the late distal tubules and collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone in the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

    <p>Via a V2 receptor and an adenylate cyclase-cAMP mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>Constriction of vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the thick ascending limb?

    <p>Increased Na+-2CI--K+ cotransport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the inner medullary collecting ducts?

    <p>Increased urea recycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of origin of oxytocin in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Paraventricular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which TSH increases thyroid hormone secretion?

    <p>via an adenylate cyclase-cAMP mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic elevation of TSH on the thyroid gland?

    <p>hypertrophy of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in patients with Graves disease?

    <p>they bind to TSH receptors and stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T3 in growth attainment?

    <p>it acts synergistically with growth hormone and somatomedins to promote bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of T3 on TSH secretion?

    <p>it inhibits TSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative potency of T3 compared to T4?

    <p>T3 is three to four times more potent than T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of 1- to 12 that is reactive and will be 'organified' by combination with tyrosine on thyroglobulin?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is inhibited by propylthiouracil, leading to a reduction in thyroid hormone synthesis?

    <p>Peroxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high levels of I- on the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Inhibition of organification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the more active form of thyroid hormone synthesized in the thyroid gland?

    <p>T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the coupling of one molecule of DIT with one molecule of MIT?

    <p>Formation of T3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the organification of 12 take place in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Junction of follicular cells and follicular lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high thyroid hormone levels on TSH levels?

    <p>Decreases TSH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of estrogen production?

    <p>Ovaries and placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low thyroid hormone levels on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Increases TSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of propylthiouracil in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidizing the A ring in the production of estrogens?

    <p>Formation of estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency on bone age in relation to chronological age?

    <p>Bone age is less than chronological age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thyroid hormone in the central nervous system during the perinatal period?

    <p>Maturation of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>It increases sympathetic nervous system activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on basal metabolic rate (BMR) in most tissues?

    <p>It increases BMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hypothyroidism on mental function in adulthood?

    <p>It causes listlessness and impaired memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thyroid hormone on Na+, K+-ATPase activity?

    <p>It increases Na+, K+-ATPase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of hydroxylation at C-17 in the production of steroids?

    <p>Production of glucocorticoids (cortisol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of 19-carbon steroids?

    <p>They have androgenic activity and are precursors to estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cleaving the C20,21 side chain in previously hydroxylated steroids?

    <p>Production of 19-carbon steroids, such as dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of adrenal androgens?

    <p>They have a ketone group at C-17 and are excreted as 17-ketosteroids in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of converting androstenedione in the testes?

    <p>Production of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Decreased metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of glucocorticoid deficiency?

    <p>Lack of pubic and axillary hair in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Cushing syndrome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency?

    <p>No hyperpigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated cortisol levels?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Cushing disease?

    <p>Overproduction of ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for aldosterone-secreting tumors?

    <p>Surgical removal of the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which aldosterone increases renal Na+ reabsorption?

    <p>By increasing the permeability of the distal tubule to sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal cortex?

    <p>It increases the conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperkalemia on aldosterone secretion?

    <p>It increases aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which glucocorticoids increase gluconeogenesis?

    <p>By increasing protein catabolism in muscle and decreasing protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue?

    <p>They decrease glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on lipolysis?

    <p>They increase lipolysis and provide more glycerol to the liver for gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is involved in the synthesis of 17-hydroxyprogesterone?

    <p>17a-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Addison disease?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily rhythm of cortisol secretion in individuals who sleep at night?

    <p>Highest in the morning and lowest in the evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low cortisol levels on ACTH secretion?

    <p>Stimulates ACTH secretion by negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second messenger involved in the signaling pathway of CRH?

    <p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hyperpigmentation in Addison disease?

    <p>Caused by the stimulation of MSH by ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone deficiency on the body?

    <p>Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of weight loss in Addison disease?

    <p>Caused by the deficiency of cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the enzyme 17,20-lyase?

    <p>Androstanedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Cushing disease?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated cortisol levels on bone?

    <p>Increased bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ketoconazola in treating Cushing disease?

    <p>Inhibiting steroid hormone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hyperaldosteronism-Conn syndrome?

    <p>Hypertension and hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common biochemical abnormality of the steroidogenic pathway?

    <p>21-Hydroxylase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cortisol and aldosterone levels in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

    <p>Both decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of insulin binding to its receptor?

    <p>Increased phosphorylation of J3 subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors decreases insulin secretion?

    <p>Somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on glucose uptake into target cells?

    <p>Increased glucose transporters are inserted into cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of insulin down-regulating its own receptors?

    <p>Decreased insulin sensitivity in target tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones has an opposite effect on blood glucose levels compared to insulin?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of starvation on insulin receptor levels?

    <p>Increased insulin receptor levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net effect on serum [Ca2+] in growing children?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the C peptide in diabetic patients?

    <p>To monitor beta cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucose on the beta cells?

    <p>Closing of K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a major role in regulating serum [Ca2+]?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylurea drugs on insulin secretion?

    <p>Closing of K+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Ca2+ absorption in the intestine when vitamin D is activated?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

    <p>It increases reabsorption of Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural characteristic of the insulin receptor?

    <p>Tetramer with two a subunits and two β subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?

    <p>It decreases bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the β subunits of the insulin receptor?

    <p>Intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of depolarization of the beta cells?

    <p>Increase in intracellular [Ca2+] and secretion of insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a negative Ca2+ balance in women during pregnancy or lactation?

    <p>Ca2+ is mobilized from the maternal bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased serum magnesium levels on parathyroid hormone secretion?

    <p>Initially stimulates, then inhibits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response to increased serum calcium levels in the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Inhibits PTH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which decreased serum calcium levels stimulate PTH secretion?

    <p>Decreased binding to Ca2+-sensing receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second messenger for PTH secretion by the parathyroid gland?

    <p>cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall effect of PTH actions on its target tissues?

    <p>Increase in serum calcium and decrease in serum phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of insulin on glycogen metabolism?

    <p>Inhibition of glycogenolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on blood fatty acid concentration?

    <p>Decreased blood fatty acid concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on protein metabolism?

    <p>Stimulation of amino acid uptake and protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on blood K+ concentration?

    <p>Decreased blood K+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia in the case study?

    <p>Insulin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of insulin on phosphofructokinase activity?

    <p>Stimulation of phosphofructokinase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?

    <p>It decreases phosphate reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the serum ionized [Ca2+]?

    <p>It increases the serum ionized [Ca2+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of parathyroid hormone-mediated bone resorption on hydroxyproline excretion?

    <p>It increases hydroxyproline excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on urinary cAMP excretion?

    <p>It increases urinary cAMP excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of primary hyperparathyroidism in terms of serum [Ca2+]?

    <p>It is characterized by hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on intestinal Ca2+ absorption?

    <p>It increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypocalcemia in chronic renal failure?

    <p>Increased serum phosphate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1?

    <p>Defective G protein in the kidney and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of furosemide on hypocalcemia?

    <p>It increases serum calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Sa-reductase in the accessory sex organs?

    <p>To convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)?

    <p>Decreased urinary Ca2+ excretion and increased serum Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure?

    <p>Increased bone resorption and osteomalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of etidronate on hypocalcemia?

    <p>It inhibits bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibin on FSH secretion?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells do not contain 21-hydroxylase or 11-hydroxylase?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of LH on the Leydig cells?

    <p>Stimulation of testosterone synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of finasteride in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

    <p>Blockage of testosterone activation to dihydrotestosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?

    <p>To increase intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased serum calcium levels on 1α-hydroxylase activity?

    <p>It increases the activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an inactive form of vitamin D?

    <p>25-hydroxycholecalciferol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein (calbindin D-28K) in the intestine?

    <p>It is involved in calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vitamin D deficiency in children?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased serum phosphate levels on 1α-hydroxylase activity?

    <p>It decreases the activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in the regulation of spermatogenesis?

    <p>It reinforces the spermatogenic effects of FSH in the Sertoli cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a crucial role in the regulation of male reproductive hormones?

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of testosterone synthesis?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of testosterone on the Sertoli cells?

    <p>It stimulates the production of inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

    <p>5-alpha-reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of testosterone on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Inhibition of LH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inhibin in the regulation of FSH secretion?

    <p>Inhibition of FSH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dihydrotestosterone on target tissues?

    <p>Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GnRH on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the granulosa cells?

    <p>Converts testosterone to 17β-estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of androgen insensitivity disorder?

    <p>Deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates puberty in males and females?

    <p>Onset of pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in childhood?

    <p>FSH &gt; LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of androstenedione in the ovary?

    <p>Theca cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lack of testosterone receptors in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Increased testosterone levels due to lack of feedback inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in senescence?

    <p>FSH &gt; LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of LH in the ovary?

    <p>Stimulates the synthesis of androstenedione</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibin on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Inhibits the secretion of FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of testosterone on the epididymis?

    <p>Differentiates the epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of androgen insensitivity disorder?

    <p>Deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the prostate?

    <p>Stimulates the growth of prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of estrogen in the ovary?

    <p>Granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of testosterone on the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Inhibits the secretion of LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in the ovary?

    <p>17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trigger for the onset of puberty in males?

    <p>The pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in childhood?

    <p>FSH &gt; LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GnRH on its own receptor in the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Up-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of diffusion of androstenedione in the ovary?

    <p>From theca cells to granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of FSH and LH levels in senescence?

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