Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcium Homeostasis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hormone binds to and activates receptors within cells?

  • Water-soluble hormones
  • Lipid-soluble hormones (correct)
  • Protein hormones
  • Steroid hormones

    • What is the second messenger released inside the cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to a membrane receptor?

  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Protein kinases
  • Cyclic AMP (correct)
  • G-protein

    • Which of the following factors control hormone secretion?

  • Signals from the nervous system
  • Chemical changes in the blood
  • Other hormones
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What type of feedback system most often regulates hormonal secretions?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is the major integrating link between the nervous system and endocrine system?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glands secrete their products into ducts?

    <p>Exocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormones are made from cholesterol?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a hormone is present in excess and there is a decrease in the number of receptors?

    <p>Down-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of hormones is water soluble?

    <p>Single amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Regulation of chemical composition and volume of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for secreting mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium and water reabsorption and decreasing potassium reabsorption?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces gametes in females?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological effects are caused by high concentrations of glucocorticoids during stress?

    <p>Weakened organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases are associated with stress?

    <p>Peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of exhaustion during stress?

    <p>Depletion of adrenal glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT related to stress?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the link between stress and immunity?

    <p>It stimulates the secretion of ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle inside the brain?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland produces sex hormones related to the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes hormones related to immunity, promoting the proliferation and maturation of T cells?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues also secrete hormones, acting as paracrines and autocrines in most body tissues?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bodily changes are triggered by extreme, unusual, or long-lasting stress?

    <p>Stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone?

    <p>Human growth hormone (hGH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Regulates thyroid gland activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

    <p>Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

    <p>Initiates and maintains milk secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and lowers the blood level of calcium?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormone Binding and Signaling

    • Steroid hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells
    • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the second messenger released inside the cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to a membrane receptor

    Hormone Regulation

    • Hormone secretion is controlled by negative feedback, stimulatory hormonal signals, and neural signals
    • Negative feedback is the most common type of feedback system that regulates hormonal secretions

    Glands and Hormones

    • The hypothalamus is the major integrating link between the nervous system and endocrine system
    • Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts
    • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol
    • Down-regulation is the process by which a hormone is present in excess and there is a decrease in the number of receptors
    • Water-soluble hormones include peptides and proteins

    Endocrine System Functions

    • The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproductive processes
    • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases blood glucose levels
    • The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting mineralocorticoids
    • Aldosterone is responsible for increasing sodium and water reabsorption and decreasing potassium reabsorption

    Reproductive System

    • The ovaries produce gametes in females

    Stress and Glucocorticoids

    • High concentrations of glucocorticoids during stress can cause physiological effects such as glucose release, fat mobilization, and suppression of the immune system
    • Chronic stress is associated with diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and ulcers
    • Exhaustion occurs during stress due to depletion of energy stores
    • Stress is not related to gigantism
    • Interleukin-1 (IL-1) links stress and immunity by stimulating the immune response

    Glands and Hormones (continued)

    • The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle inside the brain
    • The testes produce sex hormones related to the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
    • The thymus secretes hormones related to immunity, promoting the proliferation and maturation of T cells
    • Adipose tissue, the pancreas, and the heart also secrete hormones, acting as paracrines and autocrines in most body tissues
    • Extreme, unusual, or long-lasting stress can trigger bodily changes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and suppressed immunity

    Pituitary Hormones

    • The most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone is prolactin
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation in females
    • Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production in lactating females
    • Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, lowers the blood level of calcium

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the regulatory functions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Explore how PTH affects osteoclast activity and understand the connection between blood calcium levels and the secretion of calcitonin and PTH.

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