Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcium Homeostasis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hormone binds to and activates receptors within cells?

  • Water-soluble hormones
  • Lipid-soluble hormones (correct)
  • Protein hormones
  • Steroid hormones

What is the second messenger released inside the cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to a membrane receptor?

  • Adenylate cyclase
  • Protein kinases
  • Cyclic AMP (correct)
  • G-protein

Which of the following factors control hormone secretion?

  • Signals from the nervous system
  • Chemical changes in the blood
  • Other hormones
  • All of the above (correct)

What type of feedback system most often regulates hormonal secretions?

<p>Negative feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is the major integrating link between the nervous system and endocrine system?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glands secrete their products into ducts?

<p>Exocrine glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones are made from cholesterol?

<p>Steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a hormone is present in excess and there is a decrease in the number of receptors?

<p>Down-regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of hormones is water soluble?

<p>Single amino acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

<p>Regulation of chemical composition and volume of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for secreting mineralocorticoids?

<p>Adrenal gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium and water reabsorption and decreasing potassium reabsorption?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ produces gametes in females?

<p>Ovaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiological effects are caused by high concentrations of glucocorticoids during stress?

<p>Weakened organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases are associated with stress?

<p>Peptic ulcers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of exhaustion during stress?

<p>Depletion of adrenal glucocorticoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT related to stress?

<p>Hypothyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the link between stress and immunity?

<p>It stimulates the secretion of ACTH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle inside the brain?

<p>Pineal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces sex hormones related to the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics?

<p>Testes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland secretes hormones related to immunity, promoting the proliferation and maturation of T cells?

<p>Thymus gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues also secrete hormones, acting as paracrines and autocrines in most body tissues?

<p>Prostaglandins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bodily changes are triggered by extreme, unusual, or long-lasting stress?

<p>Stress response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone?

<p>Human growth hormone (hGH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Regulates thyroid gland activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

<p>Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

<p>Initiates and maintains milk secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and lowers the blood level of calcium?

<p>Calcitonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Steroid Hormone Action

Steroid hormones bind to and activate receptors located inside cells.

cAMP as a Second Messenger

cAMP acts as a second messenger when a water-soluble hormone binds to a membrane receptor.

Negative Feedback in Hormone Regulation

Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism where the end product inhibits its own production.

Hypothalamus Role

The hypothalamus acts as a bridge between the nervous system and endocrine system.

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Exocrine Glands

Glands that release their products into ducts, not directly into the bloodstream.

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Steroid Hormone Origin

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, a fat-like molecule.

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Hormone Down-regulation

A process where excess hormone levels lead to a decrease in the number of receptors on target cells.

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Water-soluble Hormones

Peptides and proteins are types of water-soluble hormones that travel freely in the bloodstream.

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Endocrine System Functions

The endocrine system regulates growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive processes.

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Insulin and Glucagon Action

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases them.

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Adrenal Cortex Function

The outer layer of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids, which regulate electrolyte balance.

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Aldosterone Role

Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body.

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Ovary Function

The ovaries produce gametes (egg cells) in females.

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Glucocorticoids and Stress

High levels of glucocorticoids during stress can cause glucose release, fat mobilization, and immune suppression.

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Chronic Stress and Health Risks

Chronic stress can lead to health issues like hypertension, diabetes, and ulcers.

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Stress-Induced Exhaustion

Exhaustion during stress is a result of depleted energy stores.

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Interleukin-1 and Stress Response

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a signaling molecule that links stress and immunity.

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Pineal Gland Function

The pineal gland is located in the brain and produces melatonin, a hormone involved in sleep-wake cycles.

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Testes Function

The testes produce testosterone and other hormones related to male sexual characteristics.

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Thymus and Immunity

The thymus is an immune organ that secretes hormones promoting T-cell development.

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Hormones from Adipose Tissue, Pancreas, and Heart

Adipose tissue, pancreas, and heart also secrete hormones that act on nearby cells or on the cells they originated from.

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Consequences of Extreme Stress

Prolonged stress can lead to health problems like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and weakened immunity.

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Prolactin

Prolactin is the most abundant anterior pituitary hormone, responsible for milk production.

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TSH Function

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

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LH Function

Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation in females.

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Calcitonin Function

Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and helps lower blood calcium levels.

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Prolactin and Milk Production

Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production in lactating females.

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Study Notes

Hormone Binding and Signaling

  • Steroid hormones bind to and activate receptors within cells
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the second messenger released inside the cell when a water-soluble hormone binds to a membrane receptor

Hormone Regulation

  • Hormone secretion is controlled by negative feedback, stimulatory hormonal signals, and neural signals
  • Negative feedback is the most common type of feedback system that regulates hormonal secretions

Glands and Hormones

  • The hypothalamus is the major integrating link between the nervous system and endocrine system
  • Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts
  • Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol
  • Down-regulation is the process by which a hormone is present in excess and there is a decrease in the number of receptors
  • Water-soluble hormones include peptides and proteins

Endocrine System Functions

  • The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproductive processes
  • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels, while glucagon increases blood glucose levels
  • The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting mineralocorticoids
  • Aldosterone is responsible for increasing sodium and water reabsorption and decreasing potassium reabsorption

Reproductive System

  • The ovaries produce gametes in females

Stress and Glucocorticoids

  • High concentrations of glucocorticoids during stress can cause physiological effects such as glucose release, fat mobilization, and suppression of the immune system
  • Chronic stress is associated with diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and ulcers
  • Exhaustion occurs during stress due to depletion of energy stores
  • Stress is not related to gigantism
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1) links stress and immunity by stimulating the immune response

Glands and Hormones (continued)

  • The pineal gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle inside the brain
  • The testes produce sex hormones related to the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
  • The thymus secretes hormones related to immunity, promoting the proliferation and maturation of T cells
  • Adipose tissue, the pancreas, and the heart also secrete hormones, acting as paracrines and autocrines in most body tissues
  • Extreme, unusual, or long-lasting stress can trigger bodily changes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and suppressed immunity

Pituitary Hormones

  • The most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone is prolactin
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ovulation in females
  • Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production in lactating females
  • Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, lowers the blood level of calcium

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Description

Test your knowledge on the regulatory functions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its role in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Explore how PTH affects osteoclast activity and understand the connection between blood calcium levels and the secretion of calcitonin and PTH.

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