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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thyroid hormone?
What is the primary function of the thyroid hormone?
- Regulating heart rate
- Stimulating muscle growth
- Metabolism and protein synthesis (correct)
- Enhancing immune response
Hypothyroidism is characterized by increased metabolism and heat intolerance.
Hypothyroidism is characterized by increased metabolism and heat intolerance.
False (B)
What happens to muscle and fat during cortisol release?
What happens to muscle and fat during cortisol release?
Muscle breakdown and lipolysis occur.
What is a primary cause of goiter?
What is a primary cause of goiter?
In children, thyroid hormones are permissive for ______ hormone.
In children, thyroid hormones are permissive for ______ hormone.
Hormones can exert their effects only at high concentrations.
Hormones can exert their effects only at high concentrations.
What type of hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
What type of hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
What is a potential consequence of hyperthyroidism?
What is a potential consequence of hyperthyroidism?
Match the endocrine disorder with its characteristic:
Match the endocrine disorder with its characteristic:
The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that reduces water loss is called __________.
The hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that reduces water loss is called __________.
Which hormone increases during exercise at intensities above 60% VO2 max?
Which hormone increases during exercise at intensities above 60% VO2 max?
The deeper the snow, the lower the incidence of heart attacks among men.
The deeper the snow, the lower the incidence of heart attacks among men.
Match the following types of hormones with their categories:
Match the following types of hormones with their categories:
What effect does cold temperature have on blood vessels during snow removal?
What effect does cold temperature have on blood vessels during snow removal?
The portal system connects the hypothalamus directly to the posterior pituitary gland.
The portal system connects the hypothalamus directly to the posterior pituitary gland.
What initiates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What initiates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What is primarily responsible for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in women postmenopause?
What is primarily responsible for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in women postmenopause?
Cortisol is known as the stress hormone.
Cortisol is known as the stress hormone.
What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary during exercise to help maintain blood glucose levels?
What hormone is released by the anterior pituitary during exercise to help maintain blood glucose levels?
Estrogen is thought to play a __________ role in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women.
Estrogen is thought to play a __________ role in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women.
Match the hormone to its action during exercise:
Match the hormone to its action during exercise:
What effect does regular exercise have on inflammation?
What effect does regular exercise have on inflammation?
Growth hormone increases glucose uptake into tissues during exercise.
Growth hormone increases glucose uptake into tissues during exercise.
What is one of the physiological effects of interleukin 6 (IL-6) produced during exercise?
What is one of the physiological effects of interleukin 6 (IL-6) produced during exercise?
The adrenal medulla releases __________ during exercise to stimulate glycogenolysis.
The adrenal medulla releases __________ during exercise to stimulate glycogenolysis.
What is a common physical manifestation of hypercortisolism?
What is a common physical manifestation of hypercortisolism?
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Study Notes
Endocrine Physiology Overview
- Hormones are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream by cells or groups of cells.
- They target distant tissues, acting at low concentrations and producing various biochemical responses.
Hormonal Action Mechanism
- Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells to initiate effects.
- The action of hormones must be regulated, with half-life indicating the duration of their activity.
Types of Hormones
- Hormones can be classified into peptide, steroid, and amino acid-derived types.
- Iodine is essential for thyroid function; lack of iodine leads to goiter, once considered attractive in certain cultures.
Thyroid Gland Function
- T3 and T4 hormones regulate metabolism and are crucial for growth and neurologic development in children.
- Abnormal thyroid conditions:
- Hyperthyroidism: Increased metabolism, heat intolerance, and psychological disturbances.
- Hypothyroidism: Reduced metabolism, cold intolerance, and fatigue.
Hormonal Responses to Stress
- Cortisol, known as the "stress hormone," plays a role in gluconeogenesis and has catabolic effects on muscles and fat.
- It also influences brain function and the immune response, crucial for survival.
Hormonal Regulation of Plasma Volume
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps reduce water loss and is stimulated by high plasma osmolality.
- During intense exercise (>60% VO2 max), ADH release increases to maintain plasma volume.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System
- Hormones produced by hypothalamic neurons enter a portal system, ensuring targeted delivery to the anterior pituitary.
- This mechanism delivers concentrated hormones efficiently to various tissues.
Cardiovascular Impacts of Exercise and Weather
- Snow removal activities can significantly increase heart attack risk due to exertion and cold temperature effects on blood vessels.
- Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, attributed to protective effects of estrogen.
Hormonal Effects During Exercise
- Hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon increase substrate mobilization, preserving blood glucose.
- Insulin's role is to decrease blood glucose levels by enhancing uptake into cells.
Endocrine Disorders
- Common endocrine pathologies include hypersecretion, hyposecretion, and abnormal cellular responsiveness.
- The primary problem lies in the last gland of the pathway, with possible secondary effects on trophic glands.
Muscle as an Endocrine Organ
- Skeletal muscle releases myokines which stimulate glucose uptake and have anti-inflammatory effects during exercise.
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6), produced during physical exertion, shows both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.
Summary of Hormonal Responses to Exercise
- Exercise triggers a cascade of hormonal changes that promote energy mobilization:
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine boost glycogenolysis and fat mobilization.
- Cortisol and glucagon support blood glucose maintenance through gluconeogenesis.
- Insulin is reduced to facilitate fuel availability during high-intensity activities.
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