38 Questions
What is the primary function of the acini in the pancreas?
To secrete digestive juices into the duodenum
Which hormone is secreted in response to glucagon and inhibits its secretion?
Amylin
What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin secretion?
It inhibits insulin secretion
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide secreted by F cells/PP cells?
It inhibits gastrointestinal motility and pancreatic exocrine secretion
What is the direction of blood flow through the islets of Langerhans?
From the center towards the periphery
What is the effect of insulin on glucagon secretion?
It inhibits glucagon secretion
What is the normal range of blood glucose concentration in the early morning?
80-90 mg/dL
What is the primary function of the liver in blood glucose regulation?
To act as a buffer system for excess glucose
What is the effect of severe hypoglycemia on the hypothalamus?
It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
What is the effect of hyperglycemia on the body?
It exerts a large amount of osmotic pressure in the ECF
What is a long-term complication of hyperglycemia?
Increased risk of blood vessel damage and nerve damage
What is the significance of the prayer sign in anesthetic concerns for patients with type 1 diabetes?
To evaluate the risk of difficult intubation
Why should patients with type 1 diabetes be scheduled for surgery early in the day?
To minimize the risk of hypoglycemia
What is a potential complication of hyperglycemia during surgery?
Neurologic deterioration
What may mask the symptoms of intraoperative hypoglycemia and insulin shock?
All of the above
What is the concern about using lactated Ringer's solution in patients with type 1 diabetes?
It may worsen hyperglycemia
Which of the following cells in the pancreas is paired with the incorrect hormone?
Pancreatic exocrine cells: gastrin
What would be an unlikely effect of destroying all pancreatic B cells in a rat?
A fall in plasma glucose concentration
Which of the following tissues does insulin not increase glucose entry into?
Most neurons in the cerebral cortex
Why does a protein-rich meal without carbohydrates not cause hypoglycemia?
Glucagon secretion is also stimulated by the meal
What is the function of insulin in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism?
To promote the storage of excess energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What is the result of insulin deficiency on adipose tissue?
Increased lipolysis and release of free fatty acids
What is the effect of insulin on the uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle?
Insulin increases glucose uptake by skeletal muscle by stimulating GLUT 4
What is the role of the insulin receptor in the action of insulin?
To activate tyrosine kinase and phosphorylate intracellular proteins
What is the effect of insulin on the liver?
Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis and storage, and inhibits gluconeogenesis
What is the result of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Anion gap metabolic acidosis
What is the treatment goal for hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state?
To decrease glucose by 75-100 mg/dl/h
What is the primary regulator of insulin secretion?
Blood glucose concentration
What is the effect of sulfonylureas on insulin secretion?
They stimulate insulin release
What is the effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion?
They inhibit insulin secretion via ⍺2-adrenergic receptors
In patients with type 1 diabetes, glycosylation of the joints may indicate reduced ROM of the temporomandibular joint.
True
About 50% of type 1 diabetes patients experience difficult intubations due to glycosylation of the joints.
False
The prayer sign is used to assess the patient's airway and potential for difficult intubation.
True
Hypoglycemic therapy is typically scheduled late in the day for patients with type 1 diabetes.
False
Lactate in LR can be converted to glucose, which can worsen hypoglycemia.
False
Hyperglycemia improves neurologic outcomes after ischemia.
False
Osmotic diuresis places patients at risk for hypervolemia.
False
General anesthesia can mask the symptoms of intraoperative hypoglycemia and insulin shock.
True
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