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Questions and Answers
Exocrine glands release their chemicals directly into the circulatory system.
Exocrine glands release their chemicals directly into the circulatory system.
False
Testosterone is the most common androgen produced by the gonads.
Testosterone is the most common androgen produced by the gonads.
True
The primary function of ovaries is to produce sperm cells.
The primary function of ovaries is to produce sperm cells.
False
Estrogens are a class of hormones that include estradiol.
Estrogens are a class of hormones that include estradiol.
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Progestins are not considered a class of steroid hormones.
Progestins are not considered a class of steroid hormones.
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The most common progestin is progesterone, which prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.
The most common progestin is progesterone, which prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.
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Cells of females contain only one Y chromosome.
Cells of females contain only one Y chromosome.
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The adrenal cortex is generally considered a sex gland.
The adrenal cortex is generally considered a sex gland.
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The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland because it produces all hormones in the body.
The pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland because it produces all hormones in the body.
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Tropic hormones primarily stimulate the function of other glands.
Tropic hormones primarily stimulate the function of other glands.
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Female gonadal hormone levels are steady throughout the month.
Female gonadal hormone levels are steady throughout the month.
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Male gonadal hormone levels fluctuate like those of females.
Male gonadal hormone levels fluctuate like those of females.
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Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol.
Steroids are synthesized from cholesterol.
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Oxytocin and vasopressin are steroid hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are steroid hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the posterior pituitary.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the posterior pituitary.
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The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary through two mechanisms.
The hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary through two mechanisms.
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Hormones affect cells by binding to receptors and can also penetrate cell membranes to influence cells in a second way.
Hormones affect cells by binding to receptors and can also penetrate cell membranes to influence cells in a second way.
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The major hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
The major hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
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Increases in blood glucose levels lead to a decrease in the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Increases in blood glucose levels lead to a decrease in the release of insulin from the pancreas.
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone was isolated by Schally and Guillemin.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone was isolated by Schally and Guillemin.
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Pulsatile hormone release does not lead to fluctuations in hormone levels.
Pulsatile hormone release does not lead to fluctuations in hormone levels.
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The anterior pituitary's hormone release is controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
The anterior pituitary's hormone release is controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
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The fallopian tubes are developed from male ducts.
The fallopian tubes are developed from male ducts.
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The glans develops into the head of the penis in males or the head of the clitoris in females.
The glans develops into the head of the penis in males or the head of the clitoris in females.
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The urethral folds enlarge to form the labia majora in females.
The urethral folds enlarge to form the labia majora in females.
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The lateral bodies contribute to the shaft of the clitoris in females.
The lateral bodies contribute to the shaft of the clitoris in females.
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The labioscrotal swellings develop into the scrotum in males.
The labioscrotal swellings develop into the scrotum in males.
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All fetuses have the same pair of primordial gonads regardless of their genetic sex.
All fetuses have the same pair of primordial gonads regardless of their genetic sex.
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Development of the external genitals is independent of the presence of testosterone.
Development of the external genitals is independent of the presence of testosterone.
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Sexual differentiation in mammals begins at fertilization.
Sexual differentiation in mammals begins at fertilization.
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Hormonal signals play no role in the development of external reproductive organs.
Hormonal signals play no role in the development of external reproductive organs.
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The medial preoptic area is larger in males than in females in rats.
The medial preoptic area is larger in males than in females in rats.
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Destruction of the medial preoptic area abolishes sexual behavior in both males and females.
Destruction of the medial preoptic area abolishes sexual behavior in both males and females.
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Anabolic steroids can lead to the cessation of menstruation in females.
Anabolic steroids can lead to the cessation of menstruation in females.
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Gynecomastia refers to a condition where males develop enlarged breasts due to hormonal imbalances.
Gynecomastia refers to a condition where males develop enlarged breasts due to hormonal imbalances.
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The ventral striatum is deactivated by sexually provocative visual images.
The ventral striatum is deactivated by sexually provocative visual images.
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Female rats with lesions of the ventromedial nuclei display lordosis.
Female rats with lesions of the ventromedial nuclei display lordosis.
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Increased levels of gonadotrophins are often observed in males with high levels of anabolic steroids.
Increased levels of gonadotrophins are often observed in males with high levels of anabolic steroids.
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The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune system can affect her male offspring's development.
The maternal immune hypothesis suggests that a mother's immune system can affect her male offspring's development.
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Muscle spasms and muscle pains are common side effects linked to anabolic steroid use.
Muscle spasms and muscle pains are common side effects linked to anabolic steroid use.
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Sexual attraction is triggered solely by physical appearance, ignoring other sensory signals.
Sexual attraction is triggered solely by physical appearance, ignoring other sensory signals.
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Study Notes
Endocrine Glands and Neuroendocrine System
- Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the circulatory system. Exocrine glands release chemicals into ducts.
- Gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sperm and ova.
- Hormones are classified into three types: amino acid derivatives, peptides/proteins, and steroids.
Sex Chromosomes
- Females have two X chromosomes.
- Males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- The sex of a child is determined by the sperm.
Hormones (3 Classes)
- Amino acid derivatives: Synthesized from amino acids (e.g., epinephrine).
- Peptides/proteins: Chains of amino acids, short chains are peptides, long chains are proteins.
- Steroids: Synthesized from cholesterol; fat-soluble.
Sex Steroids
- Produced by gonads.
- Two main classes: androgens (testosterone) and estrogens (estradiol); progestins (progesterone).
- Adrenal cortex also produces hormones that regulate glucose and salt levels.
- Pituitary gland is the "master gland".
- Tropic hormones influence other glands.
Female vs Male Gonadal Hormone Levels
- Females: Gonadal and gonadotropic hormone levels fluctuate in a cycle (e.g., 28 days).
- Males: Gonadal hormone levels are relatively steady.
Control of the Pituitary
- Hypothalamus controls the anterior and posterior pituitary.
- Two mechanisms: one for the posterior pituitary; one for the anterior pituitary.
- Releasing and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus influence anterior pituitary hormone release.
- Oxytocin and vasopressin are released from posterior pituitary.
Regulation of Hormone Levels
- Signals from nervous system, circulating hormones, and nonhormonal chemicals regulate hormone release.
Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body
- Sexual differentiation begins at fertilization.
- Different sex chromosomes cause different development.
- Gonads, internal and external reproductive ducts develop via hormonal stimulation.
- Primordial gonads are bipotential precursors of ovaries or testes.
- SRY gene on Y chromosome; testosterone from testes leads to complete male reproductive development; absence of testosterone results in female development.
- Müllerian and Wolffian systems develop depending on hormones.
Puberty
- Puberty is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood.
- Marked by increased hormone release, growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics.
Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
- Several brain structures involved in sexual activity (cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, and ventral striatum).
- Hypothalamus plays a key role in sexual behavior in both sexes.
- The medial preoptic area and sexually dimorphic nucleus are important for male behavior.
- Ventromedial nucleus in hypothalamus is important for female behavior.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
- Several factors may influence sexual attraction, and brain differences may exist between different sexual orientations.
- Gender identity is the gender that a person identifies with.
- Gender dysphoria is a conflict between gender identity and anatomical sex.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of endocrine glands and the neuroendocrine system in this quiz. Learn about hormone types, sex chromosomes, and the function of various glands such as the pituitary and gonads. Test your understanding of how these elements interact in human biology.
