Endocrine Function Alterations Lecture

<p>Secret enzymes for digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile and pancreatic ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal distention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sepsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of protein plugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypocalcemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient hyperglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin turgor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>≥ 56 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic outlet syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No significant ketosis is present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypocalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New diagnosis of diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water deficit leading to increased corrected sodium concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Full renal and endocrine assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete loss of beta cell function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low plasma glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketoacidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women with a family history of diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trembling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconsciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sedentary lifestyle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fruity breath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 2 Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-2% of pregnancies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Acinar cells release digestive enzymes and ducts release alkaline fluids, crucial for digestion.

Secretes hormones like insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

Aqueous secretions contain potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride that neutralizes stomach acid and aids digestion.

Neutralizes stomach acid, and prepares the environment for enzyme action and nutrients absorption.

Pancreatic enzymes break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Hormones and nerve signals control the release of pancreatic fluid.

Secretin triggers bicarbonate release to neutralize stomach acid.

Cholecystokinin stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes.

Gallstones, alcohol, obesity, and certain drugs can cause acute pancreatitis.

Blocked pancreatic enzymes lead to self-digestion of the pancreas.

Severe acute pancreatitis can lead to organ damage and systemic inflammation.

Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Severe acute pancreatitis causes rapid breathing (tachypnea), low blood oxygen (hypoxemia), fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema), lung collapse (atelectasis), fluid around the lungs (pleural effusions), low blood volume (hypovolemia), kidney failure (ATN), muscle spasms (tetany) caused by low calcium, temporary high blood sugar, and multiple organ failure.

Assessment of acute pancreatitis involves evaluating breathing (I-PAP), gastrointestinal function (bowel sounds, distention, nausea/vomiting, guarding), heart function, lungs, kidneys, blood fats (hyperlipidemia), blood sugar (hyperglycemia), low calcium (hypocalcemia), and lab work.

Prediabetes is diagnosed when impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance are observed on two separate tests.

Type 1 diabetes is primarily caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency and a higher risk of ketoacidosis.

Type 2 diabetes can involve both resistance to insulin and decreased insulin production by the pancreas. Ketosis is less frequent than in type 1.

Gestational diabetes is glucose intolerance that appears or is diagnosed during pregnancy.

Other types of diabetes are rare conditions with specific genetic factors, or result from other diseases or medications.

Blood tests for pancreatitis include lipase and amylase (often elevated), white blood cells (WBC), bilirubin, sodium, potassium, creatinine, BUN, lipids (HDL/LDL), calcium, and cardiac markers (troponin).

A serious diabetic complication characterized by extremely high blood sugar (glucose > 56 mmol/L), severe dehydration, and hyperosmolarity causing neurological abnormalities.

Both are diabetic emergencies with high blood sugar, but DKA has significant ketone production, while HHS has minimal ketosis due to some insulin production.

Severe dehydration leading to hyperosmolarity, causing neurological complications like altered mental status and coma.

Elderly individuals are more likely to develop HHS due to age-related factors and often have undiagnosed diabetes.

Hyperosmolality, caused by a significant water deficit, leading to increased corrected sodium concentration and high blood sugar.

Complications vary but include electrolyte disturbances (hyper/hypokalemia), fluid imbalances, cerebral edema, hypoglycemia, pulmonary emboli, and acute renal failure.

Immediate management focuses on correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, addressing precipitating causes, and preventing further complications.

Common causes include newly diagnosed diabetes, insulin omission, infections, myocardial infarction, stroke, and drug-induced hyperglycemia.

The exact cause is unknown, but thought to be a combination of genetics and environmental factors, leading to an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells.

Factors like genetics, lifestyle (obesity, inactivity), and insulin resistance contribute to the development of Type 2 Diabetes.

When the body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, even if enough is produced, leading to high blood sugar.

They can be divided into macrovascular (affecting large blood vessels) and microvascular (affecting small blood vessels) complications.

These include heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, all due to damage to large blood vessels.

These include retinopathy (eye damage), neuropathy (nerve damage), and nephropathy (kidney damage), affecting small blood vessels.

Low blood sugar levels, often caused by too much insulin or not enough food.

Symptoms can include sweating, shaking, confusion, dizziness, and even unconsciousness.

A serious complication of diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the urine, and metabolic acidosis.

Severe insulin deficiency due to factors like illness, stress, or missed insulin doses.

Symptoms include dehydration, fruity breath, rapid breathing, and altered mental state.

It's a cascade: insulin deficiency leads to dehydration, ketone production, and eventually acidosis.