Endocrine Function Abnormalities Quiz

Impaired function of the pituitary gland, leading to insufficient hormone production.

Excess hormone production by the pituitary gland, often caused by tumors.

A condition characterized by abnormally high levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A condition characterized by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

The release of hormones from tissues that are not normally endocrine glands.

A decrease in the number of receptors on a cell, making the cell less sensitive to a particular hormone.

A state where cells become less responsive to a hormone, even if the amount of the hormone is normal.

A decrease in the production or secretion of a hormone.

A condition characterized by greater than normal secretion of Parathyroid hormone (PTH), often due to a parathyroid adenoma. This leads to hypercalcemia, increased bone resorption, and hypercalciuria.

A compensatory response to hypocalcemia, often occurring with chronic renal failure or vitamin D deficiency. The parathyroid glands work harder to raise calcium levels.

Excessive secretion of PTH and hypercalcemia that occurs after long-standing hypocalcemia. Parathyroid glands become overactive due to prolonged low calcium.

A genetic condition where the body is resistant to PTH, leading to hypocalcemia despite normal or even high PTH levels.

Characterized by abnormally low levels of Parathyroid hormone (PTH), causing depressed serum calcium, increased serum phosphate, decreased bone resorption, and eventual hypocalciuria.

A group of diseases marked by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

A type of diabetes characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to a deficiency in insulin production.

A type of diabetes caused by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to hyperglycemia.

Pituitary gland tumor causing excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion in adults, leading to enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.

Condition in children caused by excessive GH secretion, resulting in abnormal height growth.

Condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone (TH) levels, leading to a range of symptoms.

The most prevalent type of thyrotoxicosis caused by antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland.

Skin manifestation of Graves' disease, characterized by subcutaneous swelling of the legs and feet.

Ocular manifestation of Graves' disease, characterized by bulging eyes due to immune infiltration and fat accumulation behind the eyes.

Excessive TH secretion from multiple hyperactive nodules within the thyroid gland.

Excessive TH secretion from a single, hyperactive nodule within the thyroid gland.

The process by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage cells and contribute to diabetic complications.

A pathway that diverts glucose from normal metabolism, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol, which can damage tissues.

A group of enzymes activated by hyperglycemia, leading to cell signaling abnormalities and contributing to diabetic complications.

Complex sugars formed when glucose reacts with proteins, contributing to tissue damage and inflammation.

The buildup of hexosamines, which disrupt cell function and promote inflammation in diabetes.

A type of neuropathy associated with diabetes, affecting nerve function and causing a variety of symptoms, including numbness, tingling, and pain.

A condition affecting the blood vessels in the eye, leading to vision loss and even blindness.

A condition affecting the kidneys, leading to damage and eventually kidney failure.

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired insulin signaling, leading to reduced glucose uptake by cells, causing high blood sugar. It arises from factors like elevated free fatty acids, inflammation in fat tissue, and impaired mitochondrial activity.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin, leading to insulin deficiency and high blood sugar. This is often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin, causing cells to not respond properly to it, leading to high blood sugar. This can be caused by factors like obesity, genetics, and lifestyle.

Hypoglycemia is a dangerous condition where blood sugar levels drop too low, leading to confusion, dizziness, and even seizures. It can be caused by too much insulin, skipping meals, or excessive exercise.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body starts producing ketones as an alternative fuel source due to insulin deficiency. This can lead to dehydration, coma, and even death.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHNS) is a life-threatening condition that involves extremely high blood sugar levels without significant ketone production. It usually occurs in people with type 2 diabetes and can lead to dehydration and coma.

Chronic complications of diabetes, caused by sustained high blood sugar, include microvascular disease affecting small blood vessels in the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, and macrovascular disease affecting large blood vessels leading to heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

The Somogyi effect is a phenomenon where a low blood sugar level leads to a rebound effect of high blood sugar later, causing an erratic sugar pattern.

Excessive cortisol levels regardless of the cause.

Cushing syndrome caused by excessive ACTH production, usually due to a pituitary tumor.

An autosomal recessive disorder affecting cortisol production, leading to adrenal hyperplasia and excess androgen or mineralocorticoid.

Excessive aldosterone secretion often due to an adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia.

Elevated aldosterone levels due to conditions that increase renin release and activate angiotensin II.

Low cortisol levels due to inadequate ACTH stimulation or primary adrenal insufficiency.

Primary adrenal insufficiency characterized by low cortisol and aldosterone levels.

Tumors in the adrenal glands that can autonomously secrete androgens or estrogens.