Endocrine Disorders Quiz

Conditions like thyroid adenoma, iodine intake, or Grave's disease.

Increased heart rate, appetite, GI issues, weight loss, hair loss, insomnia, heat intolerance, menstrual irregularity, exophthalmos, goiter.

Radioactive iodine, used to reduce thyroid activity for hyperthyroidism.

Hepatotoxicity, agranulocytosis, bradycardia, nausea, hypothyroidism.

Hepatotoxicity, agranulocytosis (monitor for infections).

Non-radioactive iodine used to shrink the thyroid before surgery.

PTU is acceptable for thyroid storm during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Monitor TSH and T4 levels to check treatment effectiveness.

Steroid use can cause immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, fractures, peptic ulcers, clots, and hypertension (HTN). Long-term use can lead to moon face and weight gain.

Patients taking steroids should maintain calcium intake, report any signs of infection (e.g., low-grade fever), and not stop the medication abruptly.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication used to decrease steroid levels in the body.

Cushing's disease is a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, due to high ACTH.

Octreotide is used to treat Acromegaly, a condition resulting from overproduction of growth hormone (GH).

Cosyntropin treats adrenocortical insufficiency, like Addison's Disease (too little ACTH). It is also used to diagnose the cause of the insufficiency, mimicking ACTH function.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is treated with Desmopressin (DDAVP) to help to regulate water balance in the body.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is insulin-dependent. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance. Both conditions disrupt blood glucose regulation.

The blood glucose level considered healthy is between 70-110 mg/dL. Levels outside this range may indicate issues like diabetes.

Hemoglobin A1c reflects your average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. A level above 6.5% is indicative of diabetes.

Hypoglycemia is characterized by low blood sugar. Symptoms include tremors, clammy skin, confusion, and slurred speech. It is dangerous and can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diabetic patients taking insulin require precise dosing based on blood glucose levels. A sliding scale helps determine the amount of insulin needed depending on the blood sugar reading.

Rotate insulin injection sites regularly to minimize lipohypertrophy (fat build-up). This ensures better absorption and prevents complications.

A blood test that measures average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.

A dangerous condition where lactic acid builds up in the blood, often caused by medications like metformin.

Injectable medications that help control blood sugar by mimicking a body's natural hormone.

Medications that stimulate the release of insulin and suppress the release of glucagon.

A medication that helps lower blood sugar by excreting it in the urine.

Medications that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas.

An iron supplement used to treat iron deficiency anemia.

A drug that helps the body make more red blood cells.

When mixing regular and NPH insulin, inject air into the NPH (isophane) vial first, then the regular insulin vial. Always withdraw regular insulin into the syringe last.

Insulin types are categorized by their onset of action. Fastest is Lispro, followed by regular, then NPH, and slowest is Glargine.

Rapid-acting insulins like aspart and lispro are used to correct blood sugar spikes after meals. They have a fast onset, peak in 1-3 hours, and last for 3-5 hours.

Regular insulin is given 30-60 minutes before meals to help control blood sugar during meals.

NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin that provides longer-acting glucose control for type 2 diabetes.

Metformin decreases the production of glucose in the liver and improves insulin sensitivity, helping to control blood sugar in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Common side effects of metformin include gastrointestinal upset, poor appetite, and a metallic taste. It can also interfere with B12 and folic acid absorption.

Monitor blood sugar levels after starting metformin to evaluate its effectiveness in controlling type 2 diabetes.

Filgrastim binds to and stimulates immature neutrophils to divide and differentiate, increasing their production.

Filgrastim is used to treat neutropenia caused by chemotherapy, organ transplant, AIDS, stem cell transplants, and malignancies.

Doxorubicin can cause severe adverse effects including cardiotoxicity (irreversible cardiomyopathy and dysrhythmias), nausea and vomiting, hair loss, bone marrow suppression, and secondary malignancies.

Doxorubicin carries black box warnings for severe myelosuppression (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia), cardiotoxicity, severe local necrosis if extravasation occurs, and secondary malignancies.

Methotrexate is used to treat various cancers including choriocarcinoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leukemias, head/neck cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma. It is also used for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis.

Methotrexate carries black box warnings for severe myelosuppression when combined with NSAIDs, hepatotoxicity leading to liver cirrhosis, ulcerative stomatitis and diarrhea, pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary toxicity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, malignant lymphomas, and AKI.

Vincristine can cause nerve injury, numbness and tingling, paralytic ileus and severe constipation, muscular weakness, and loss of reflexes, as well as reversible alopecia.

Tamoxifen blocks estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells preventing the growth of tumors. It is non-cytotoxic.

A radioactive isotope of iodine used to treat hyperthyroidism by suppressing thyroid activity.

A medication used to treat hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease, and prevent thyroid storm during pregnancy.

A medication used to treat hyperthyroidism and Grave's disease. It works by blocking the production of thyroid hormones.

A non-radioactive iodine solution used to shrink the thyroid gland before surgery.

A life-threatening condition caused by a sudden surge of thyroid hormones, leading to high fever, rapid heart rate, and extreme agitation.

In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland is underactive, causing low levels of T3 and T4 hormones, which leads to a high TSH level as the body tries to compensate.

Common causes include Hashimoto's disease (autoimmune disorder), radioactive iodine therapy, surgery for hyperthyroidism, iodine deficiency, and medications.

A synthetic thyroid hormone medication used to treat hypothyroidism.

Levothyroxine should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach, before breakfast.

Powerful medications that suppress inflammation and immune responses.

Corticosteroids must be gradually reduced in dose, usually over two weeks, to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Steroids can suppress your immune system, causing increased infection risk. They can also lead to high blood sugar, weak bones, stomach ulcers, blood clots, high blood pressure, and even a round face and weight gain over time.

Never stop taking steroids abruptly. Tapering off the medication gradually helps your body adjust and prevents serious side effects, like Addison's disease.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that helps reduce the levels of steroids in the body.

Diabetes Insipidus is a disorder where your body can't concentrate urine properly, leading to excessive thirst and urination.

Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood glucose levels by letting sugar enter cells for energy.

Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, while Type 2 diabetes happens when the body doesn't respond properly to insulin.

When mixing regular and NPH insulin, always inject air into the NPH (isophane) vial first, then the regular insulin vial. Always withdraw regular insulin into the syringe last.