Endocrine Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the acceptable range for normal glucose levels?

  • 90-130
  • 60-100
  • 80-120
  • 70-110 (correct)

    • Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypoglycemia?

  • Clammy skin
  • Tremors
  • Polyuria (correct)
  • Confusion

    • What is the best treatment option for a patient experiencing hypoglycemia who is unable to swallow?

  • High-sugar snacks
  • Juice
  • IM glucagon (correct)
  • Crackers

    • When administering insulin, which of the following is NOT a recommended practice?

    <p>Massage the injection area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin can be administered intravenously?

    <p>Regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to suppress thyroid activity in hyperthyroidism?

    <p>I-131 (Radioactive potassium iodide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect of Propylthiouracil (PTU)?

    <p>Agranulocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Severe depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory tests are important to evaluate the effectiveness of Methimazole?

    <p>LFTs, CBC, and TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of Lugol's solution?

    <p>To shrink the thyroid gland prior to surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a potential side effect of PTU?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with long-term steroid use?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is treated with ketoconazole?

    <p>Cushing's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary therapeutic use of Desmopressin (DDAVP)?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is a manifestation of diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows the body to indicate it no longer needs a specific stimulus?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Addison's disease?

    <p>Sudden cessation of corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts to decrease blood glucose levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of desmopressin treatment?

    <p>Water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of rapid insulin such as Aspart or Lispro?

    <p>To correct spikes associated with meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset time for Regular insulin?

    <p>30-60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is NOT associated with Metformin?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin cannot be mixed with any other insulins?

    <p>Glargine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak time for insulin Lispro?

    <p>0.5-1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect when Metformin is taken with garlic and ginseng?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the duration of action for NPH insulin?

    <p>18-24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first when mixing Regular and NPH insulin?

    <p>Disinfect the tops of both vials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Filgrastim?

    <p>Binds to and stimulates immature neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a serious adverse effect of Doxorubicin?

    <p>Irreversible cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can Methotrexate cause when combined with NSAIDs?

    <p>Severe myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of Tamoxifen?

    <p>Blocking estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of dulaglutide and semaglutide?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release and blocks glucagon release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with Vincristine?

    <p>Nerve injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before and after a procedure involving dye for a patient taking certain medications?

    <p>Stop medication 72 hours before and after the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the black box warning associated with Methotrexate?

    <p>Severe myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a therapeutic use of Filgrastim?

    <p>Neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for dulaglutide and semaglutide?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'black box warning' indicate?

    <p>A drug carries significant risk and requires careful monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major side effect associated with the use of dapagliflozin?

    <p>Frequent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended route of administration for ferrous sulfate?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following precautions should be taken in a patient with thrombocytopenia?

    <p>Monitor for signs of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance can occur with the use of epoetin?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route is NOT used for administering cyanocobalamin (B12)?

    <p>Sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cue associated with hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option selectively suppresses thyroid activity?

    <p>I-131 (Radioactive potassium iodide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Exophthalmos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential adverse effect should be monitored when a patient is on Propylthiouracil (PTU)?

    <p>Agranulocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient report signs of infection while taking Propylthiouracil (PTU)?

    <p>Regularly as a precaution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with hypothyroidism?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medication used in the treatment of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a severe form of hypothyroidism?

    <p>Myxedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by high TSH levels and low T3 and T4 levels?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome of effective levothyroxine treatment?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cue of thyroid storm?

    <p>Restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should levothyroxine not be taken for weight loss?

    <p>It can lead to hyperthyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must always be done with corticosteroid therapy?

    <p>Taper the dosage before discontinuing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic use of Metformin?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset time for rapid insulin such as Aspart or Lispro?

    <p>10-30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of Metformin?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation can NPH be mixed with regular insulin?

    <p>For correction of hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for NPH insulin?

    <p>18-24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insulin type cannot be mixed with other insulins?

    <p>Lantus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is performed last when mixing regular and NPH insulin?

    <p>Withdraw regular insulin into syringe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important teaching point for a patient taking corticosteroids?

    <p>Maintain adequate calcium intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common adverse effect of corticosteroid use?

    <p>Increased risk of fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of octreotide?

    <p>Control of acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of adrenocortical insufficiency, what does cosyntropin resemble?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which manifestation is characteristic of diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of desmopressin treatment?

    <p>Fluid intake status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glucagon in the body?

    <p>To increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect associated with desmopressin?

    <p>Visual disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of Filgrastim in treating neutropenia?

    <p>Stimulates immature neutrophils to divide and differentiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a serious adverse effect of Doxorubicin?

    <p>Irreversible cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential adverse effect should be monitored for in patients receiving Methotrexate?

    <p>Liver cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer types are treated with Methotrexate?

    <p>Osteogenic sarcoma and leukemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Vincristine?

    <p>Nerve injury, resulting in numbness and tingling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Tamoxifen?

    <p>Blocking estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from combining Methotrexate with NSAIDs?

    <p>Severe myelosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the black box warning associated with Vincristine?

    <p>Irreversible nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of dulaglutide and semaglutide?

    <p>Stimulates release of incretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for the use of incretin enhancers like dulaglutide and semaglutide?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant risk associated with the use of medications that affect Hb A1C levels?

    <p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of sitagliptin?

    <p>To manage blood glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended route of administration for epoetin?

    <p>Subcutaneous 1-3 times a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitoring is essential when administering epoetin?

    <p>Complete blood count (CBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of dapagliflozin?

    <p>Increased urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What patient education should be provided regarding ferrous sulfate administration?

    <p>Take it with vitamin C for better absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hyperthyroidism

    • Causes: Thyroid adenoma, excessive iodine intake, Grave's disease. Primary hyperthyroidism is characterized by decreased TSH levels.
    • Symptoms: Increased heart rate, increased gastrointestinal motility and appetite, cardiac dysrhythmias, thyroid bruit, decreased weight and hair loss, insomnia, fatigue, nervousness, heat intolerance, irregular or absent menses, exophthalmos, goiter.
    • Treatments: Radioactive iodine (I-131), propylthiouracil (PTU).
    • PTU Teaching: Safe in the first trimester for thyroid storm, report signs of infection (agranulocytosis), monitor for hypothyroidism. Hepatotoxic effects and agranulocytosis are possible adverse effects.
    • Methimazole Teaching: Monitor liver function tests (ALT/AST), and TSH and T4 levels which should be normal to ensure treatment success. Adverse effects include liver toxicity, agranulocytosis, bradycardia and nausea.

    Thyroid Storm

    • Symptoms: High fever, tachycardia, agitation, restlessness.
    • Treatment: Lugol's solution, administering IV dextrose, and IM glucagon if needed but not IV.

    Hypothyroidism

    • Causes: Hashimoto's disease which is an autoimmune disorder, iodine deficiency, medications.
    • Symptoms: Low T3, T4, high TSH, decreased energy and appetite, fatigue, weight gain, increased sleep, susceptibility to cold
    • Treatment: Levothyroxine.

    Diabetic Mellitus

    • Pancreas Function: When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin, regulating glucose levels in the body
    • Type 1: Insulin dependent diabetes
    • Type 2: Insulin resistance.
    • Role of Hormones: Glucagon elevates blood glucose, glucose is the body's primary energy source, and insulin decreases blood glucose levels.
    • Diagnosis: Normal glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL. Fasting glucose >126 mg/dL, and HbA1c >6.5% indicates diabetes mellitus.

    Insulin

    • Types: Rapid-acting (Lispro, Aspart), Short-acting (Regular), Intermediate-acting (NPH), Long-acting (Glargine, Detemir).
    • Administration: Administering insulin involves using only insulin syringes, rotating injection sites to prevent lipohypertrophy (rotating injection sites and avoid massaging the injection site). Clear and cloudy insulins should be mixed accordingly, short-acting first, then intermediate (NPH).
    • Timing of meals: Rapid-acting insulins (Lispro, Aspart) are taken 5-10 minutes before meals. Short-acting (Regular) insulins are administered 30-60 minutes before meals.
    • Monitoring: Checking blood glucose levels before administering medication and monitoring for hypoglycemia are crucial steps.
    • Adverse Effects: Hypoglycemia, severe myelosuppression, injecting the wrong insulin, lipohypertrophy. Mixing insulins incorrectly can lead to inaccurate dosing.

    Other Medications

    • Ketoconazole: Antifungal drug used to reduce steroids.
    • Octreotide: Used for acromegaly.
    • Cosyntropin: Used to diagnose and treat adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's Disease).
    • Metformin: First-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, decreases liver glucose production to help reduce insulin resistance. Black box warning - lactic acidosis with caution in patients with kidney concerns, and 72 hours prior and after procedures with dyes.
    • Dapagliflozin: Excretes glucose in urine which is used to treat type 2 diabetes and for weight loss.
    • B12: Used to treat pernicious anemia, administering nasal or intramuscular injections.
    • Epoetin: Used to treat anemia in CKD, cancer, and HIV patients. Administered SubQ 1-3x/week and should monitor baseline RBC, H/H, and BP.

    Neoplasms

    • Doxorubicin: Treats various cancers, but has cardiotoxicity and secondary malignancy risk. Severe myelosuppression
    • Methotrexate: Treats various cancers with toxicities including cardiotoxicity, severe myelosuppression and secondary malignancies.
    • Vincristine: Treats various cancers with toxicities including liver cirrhosis, ulcers, and hemorrhagic enteritis.

    Other

    • Tamoxifen: Used in breast cancer treatment, possible increased risk of uterine cancer.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on endocrine disorders including diabetes and thyroid conditions. This quiz covers various aspects such as glucose levels, symptoms of hypoglycemia, and treatments for hyperthyroidism. Dive into the intricacies of hormones and their management.

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