Endocrine Disorders and Neoplasms

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common reason for hormone deficiency?

Cancerous transformation of endocrine cells

Genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger

Autoimmune destruction (correct)

Inadequate blood supply to the organ

What condition arises when endocrine cells become cancerous?

Hypersecretion of hormones (correct)

Ischemia

Infiltrative disease

Hyposecretion of hormones

What is the result of a neoplasm destroying hormone-producing cells?

Infarction

Hyposecretion of hormones (correct)

Hypersecretion of hormones

Autoimmune destruction

Craniopharyngiomas and null-cell tumors are examples of what?

Endocrine tumors Signup and view all the answers

What does ischemia refer to?

Inadequate blood supply to an organ Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the death of tissue?

Infarction Signup and view all the answers

What defines an infiltrative disease?

Diffuse disease process throughout an entire organ Signup and view all the answers

What are the remnants of Rathke's pouch commonly associated with?

Craniopharyngiomas Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes primarily responsible for in bone tissue?

Maintaining bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in bone resorption?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural unit of compact bone known as?

Osteon Signup and view all the answers

What do lamellae consist of?

Concentric rings of compact bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteocytes located?

In the lacunae Signup and view all the answers

What function do Volkmann's canals serve?

Connect osteons together Signup and view all the answers

What defines osteoporosis?

Bone resorption exceeds formation Signup and view all the answers

What is a DEXA scan used to measure?

Bone density Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

Aids in coping with adversity and is essential for life Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are produced by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing glucose production by the liver?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

When does the largest surge of glucocorticoids (cortisol) occur?

One hour before waking up Signup and view all the answers

Cushing syndrome is primarily caused by an issue with which part of the body?

Adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What can result from excess cortisol in Cushing syndrome?

Elevated blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which adrenal hormones are classified as adrenal androgens?

DHEA and androstenedione Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does cortisol have on protein metabolism?

Increases protein breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Venous dilation and microaneurysms Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is considered the leading cause of end-stage renal disease related to diabetes?

Diabetic nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diabetic retinopathy cases does proliferative diabetic retinopathy account for?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy?

Microalbuminuria Signup and view all the answers

What additional complication is present in proliferative diabetic retinopathy that is not found in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Neovascularization Signup and view all the answers

What skin discoloration is commonly associated with Addison's disease?

Patchy brown pigmentation on oral mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with hypotensive shock?

Euphoric mood Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is recommended for a patient experiencing adrenal crisis?

Immediate infusion of cortisol and supportive care Signup and view all the answers

When is the best time to schedule surgery for a patient with primary adrenal insufficiency?

During the morning hours Signup and view all the answers

Which mineralocorticoid is primarily associated with regulating sodium levels in the body?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change should be emphasized for patients diagnosed with Addison's disease before dental treatment?

Reduce stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of fatigue often seen in patients with Addison's disease?

Hormonal imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used for managing Addison's disease?

Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autoimmune Destruction

Autoimmune processes are the most common reason for hormone deficiency.
Genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger seem to be necessary for autoimmune processes to occur.

Hypersecretion and Hyposecretion

Hypersecretion of hormones occurs when endocrine cells become cancerous and produce excessive amounts of hormones.
Hyposecretion of hormones occurs when a neoplasm destroys hormone-producing cells.

Neoplasms

Craniopharyngiomas and null-cell tumors are examples of neoplasms.
Craniopharyngiomas are slow-growing tumors that originate from remnants of Rathke's pouch above the sella.

Ischemia and Infarction

Ischemia is an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body.
Infarction refers to the death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply.

Infiltrative Disease

Infiltrative disease refers to a diffuse disease process that spreads throughout an entire organ.

Osteocytes

Osteocytes are mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have secreted osteoid around themselves.

Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells derived from monocytes.

Osteons

Osteons are the structural units of compact bone, serving as tiny weight-bearing pillars.

Lamellae

Lamellae are concentric rings of compact bone tissue that help form the osteons.

Lacunae

Lacunae are bony depressions in the lamellae where bone cells reside.

Haversian (Central) Canal

The Haversian canal is located in the core of osteons and serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.

Volkmann's (Perforating) Canals

Volkmann's canals connect osteons and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to enter and leave the bone.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption is faster than bone formation, leading to deterioration of bone quality.

DEXA Scan

A DEXA scan is used to measure bone density.

Zona Fasciculata

The zona fasciculata is responsible for producing glucocorticoids like cortisol.

Zona Reticularis

The zona reticularis produces adrenal androgens like DHEA and androstenedione.

Chromaffin Cells

Chromaffin cells are the cell type found in the adrenal medulla.

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are essential for life and help us cope with stress.
Glucocorticoids protect against hypoglycemia by increasing glucose production in the liver, increasing protein breakdown, and increasing fat breakdown.
The biggest surge of glucocorticoids occurs an hour before waking up.

Cushing Syndrome

Cushing syndrome is characterized by excess cortisol, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels and high insulin levels.
Cushing syndrome is the primary form of hypersecretion.
Cushing syndrome is caused by a problem in the adrenal cortex.

Addison's Disease and Adrenal Crisis

Dental aspects associated with Addison's disease and adrenal crisis include patchy brown pigmentation on the oral mucosa, increased pigmentation of lips, gingival margins, buccal mucosa, and palate.
Stress should be reduced prior to dental treatment for patients with Addison's disease.
Surgery for patients with primary adrenal insufficiency should be scheduled in the morning.
Adrenal crisis is treated with immediate infusion of cortisol and supportive care.
Addison's disease is treated with hydrocortisone (oral cortisol) and fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid).

Aldosterone

Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid.

Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy comprises 90-95% of retinopathy cases and does not cause visual loss.
It is characterized by venous dilation, exudates, small hemorrhages, microinfarcts, and/or microaneurysms.

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy accounts for 5-10% of cases and is more severe, potentially causing retinal detachment and blindness.
It exhibits the same characteristics as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, in addition to neovascularization caused by vascular occlusion and/or ischemia.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy results from damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to chronically high blood sugar levels in diabetes mellitus.
It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease.

Microalbuminuria

Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy.

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Description

This quiz covers various endocrine disorders including autoimmune destruction, hypersecretion and hyposecretion of hormones, and the impact of neoplasms. It also explores concepts like ischemia, infarction, infiltrative disease, and the role of osteocytes in bone health. Test your understanding of these critical topics in endocrinology!