Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which range of HLB values is associated with antifoaming agents?
Which range of HLB values is associated with antifoaming agents?
- 4-6
- 7-9
- 1-3 (correct)
- 10-18
According to Brancroft's Rule, what will predominantly determine the type of emulsion formed?
According to Brancroft's Rule, what will predominantly determine the type of emulsion formed?
- The preferential solubility of the emulsifying agent (correct)
- The temperature of the mixture
- The presence of ions in the solution
- The viscosity of the dispersed phase
Which of the following surfactants is classified as a W/O emulsifying agent?
Which of the following surfactants is classified as a W/O emulsifying agent?
- Solubilizing agents (HLB 10-18)
- Spans (HLB 3-8) (correct)
- Detergents (HLB 13-15)
- Tweens (HLB 8-16)
What is a significant drawback of using natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents?
What is a significant drawback of using natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents?
What role do hydrophilic colloids usually play at the oil-water interface?
What role do hydrophilic colloids usually play at the oil-water interface?
What is the primary way emulsifying agents stabilize emulsions?
What is the primary way emulsifying agents stabilize emulsions?
Which of the following is NOT typically a function of an emulsifying agent with a high HLB value?
Which of the following is NOT typically a function of an emulsifying agent with a high HLB value?
Which of the following statements about ionic emulsifying agents is true?
Which of the following statements about ionic emulsifying agents is true?
Which type of emulsifier is likely to form an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion?
Which type of emulsifier is likely to form an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion?
What is a key characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides as emulsifiers?
What is a key characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides as emulsifiers?
What is the function of ionic surfactants in an emulsion?
What is the function of ionic surfactants in an emulsion?
Which of the following best describes the HLB system?
Which of the following best describes the HLB system?
What characteristic distinguishes nonionic surfactants with high HLB values from those with low HLB values?
What characteristic distinguishes nonionic surfactants with high HLB values from those with low HLB values?
What is the role of nonionic emulsifiers during emulsification?
What is the role of nonionic emulsifiers during emulsification?
Which type of emulsifying agent typically would NOT prevent coalescence?
Which type of emulsifying agent typically would NOT prevent coalescence?
Which type of surfactant is most likely to be used in low concentrations as a cationic emulsifier?
Which type of surfactant is most likely to be used in low concentrations as a cationic emulsifier?
What distinguishes Oil in Water (O/W) emulsions from Water in Oil (W/O) emulsions?
What distinguishes Oil in Water (O/W) emulsions from Water in Oil (W/O) emulsions?
What is true about microemulsions compared to macro emulsions?
What is true about microemulsions compared to macro emulsions?
Which statement accurately describes multiple emulsions?
Which statement accurately describes multiple emulsions?
Which property characterizes macro emulsions?
Which property characterizes macro emulsions?
What is the primary use of Oil-in-Water-in-Oil (O/W/O) emulsions?
What is the primary use of Oil-in-Water-in-Oil (O/W/O) emulsions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of O/W emulsions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of O/W emulsions?
What is the main difference between single and multiple emulsions?
What is the main difference between single and multiple emulsions?
Which of the following emulsion types is preferred for external applications due to its properties?
Which of the following emulsion types is preferred for external applications due to its properties?
What effect does the viscosity of the dispersed phase relative to the medium have on an emulsion?
What effect does the viscosity of the dispersed phase relative to the medium have on an emulsion?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dilute emulsions?
Which of the following statements is true regarding dilute emulsions?
What is a primary advantage of using emulsions in drug delivery?
What is a primary advantage of using emulsions in drug delivery?
In concentrated emulsions, which type of flow is typically observed?
In concentrated emulsions, which type of flow is typically observed?
What role does the deformability of dispersed phase droplets play in emulsion rheology?
What role does the deformability of dispersed phase droplets play in emulsion rheology?
What is the primary reason for using emulsions for nutritional supplementation in terminally ill patients?
What is the primary reason for using emulsions for nutritional supplementation in terminally ill patients?
When employing emulsions in diagnostic applications, what is the primary feature they provide?
When employing emulsions in diagnostic applications, what is the primary feature they provide?
What is the desired viscosity range for achieving good stability in emulsions?
What is the desired viscosity range for achieving good stability in emulsions?
What happens to emulsion stability when the disperse phase concentration approaches 74%?
What happens to emulsion stability when the disperse phase concentration approaches 74%?
Which method requires a specific oil to water to gum ratio of 4:2:1 for producing emulsions?
Which method requires a specific oil to water to gum ratio of 4:2:1 for producing emulsions?
What is the most stable range of disperse phase concentration in an emulsion?
What is the most stable range of disperse phase concentration in an emulsion?
What is a feature of the Auxiliary method for emulsification?
What is a feature of the Auxiliary method for emulsification?
What effect do substances that alter the solubility of emulsifying agents have on emulsions?
What effect do substances that alter the solubility of emulsifying agents have on emulsions?
What is the irreversible process in emulsions called?
What is the irreversible process in emulsions called?
Which analysis method can be used to evaluate emulsion stability by measuring globule size?
Which analysis method can be used to evaluate emulsion stability by measuring globule size?
Which statement is true regarding the manufacture of emulsions?
Which statement is true regarding the manufacture of emulsions?
In the Wet Gum method, how is the emulsifier incorporated into the mixture?
In the Wet Gum method, how is the emulsifier incorporated into the mixture?
What is the correct ratio of oil, water, and emulsifier in the Wet Gum Method?
What is the correct ratio of oil, water, and emulsifier in the Wet Gum Method?
What sound indicates a successful primary emulsion in the first method described?
What sound indicates a successful primary emulsion in the first method described?
Which physical parameter is NOT mentioned as affecting the stability of an emulsion?
Which physical parameter is NOT mentioned as affecting the stability of an emulsion?
In the Forbes Bottle Method, what is the first step after adding powdered acacia to the bottle?
In the Forbes Bottle Method, what is the first step after adding powdered acacia to the bottle?
What can be considered as a source of energy supplied during the emulsification process?
What can be considered as a source of energy supplied during the emulsification process?
During the dry bottle method, how is the water incorporated into the mixture?
During the dry bottle method, how is the water incorporated into the mixture?
What is the primary purpose of using mechanical stirrers in emulsification?
What is the primary purpose of using mechanical stirrers in emulsification?
Which theory explains the stabilization of emulsions through the formation of layers around oil globules due to their electric charge?
Which theory explains the stabilization of emulsions through the formation of layers around oil globules due to their electric charge?
What is the primary role of solid particles in an emulsion?
What is the primary role of solid particles in an emulsion?
Which of the following theories of emulsification is primarily focused on the packing of globules?
Which of the following theories of emulsification is primarily focused on the packing of globules?
What is the outcome when the dispersed phase concentration in an emulsion approaches 74%?
What is the outcome when the dispersed phase concentration in an emulsion approaches 74%?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting the stability of emulsions?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting the stability of emulsions?
Which of the following emulsifying agents is specifically mentioned as being used for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions?
Which of the following emulsifying agents is specifically mentioned as being used for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions?
Which property of solid particles in emulsions contributes to the viscosity and reduced interaction between dispersed droplets?
Which property of solid particles in emulsions contributes to the viscosity and reduced interaction between dispersed droplets?
Which emulsification theory is concerned with the adsorption and behavior of surfactants at the interface?
Which emulsification theory is concerned with the adsorption and behavior of surfactants at the interface?
What is the purpose of adding surfactants to an emulsion?
What is the purpose of adding surfactants to an emulsion?
Which type of emulsion would anionic agents most likely form?
Which type of emulsion would anionic agents most likely form?
What characteristic is essential for the film formed by surfactants to be effective in emulsions?
What characteristic is essential for the film formed by surfactants to be effective in emulsions?
How does the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) value influence surfactants?
How does the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) value influence surfactants?
What role do nonionic emulsifiers play in the presence of acids and electrolytes?
What role do nonionic emulsifiers play in the presence of acids and electrolytes?
Which of the following statements about ionic surfactants is accurate?
Which of the following statements about ionic surfactants is accurate?
What characteristic is identified in the multi-molecular adsorption film emulsifying agents?
What characteristic is identified in the multi-molecular adsorption film emulsifying agents?
What effect do surfactants have when combined, in contrast to their individual usage?
What effect do surfactants have when combined, in contrast to their individual usage?
What HLB value range is primarily associated with solubilizing agents?
What HLB value range is primarily associated with solubilizing agents?
What disadvantage is commonly associated with the use of natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents?
What disadvantage is commonly associated with the use of natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents?
In which type of emulsifying agent would one expect to find surfactants with HLB values classified as 3-8?
In which type of emulsifying agent would one expect to find surfactants with HLB values classified as 3-8?
Which statement about Brancroft’s Rule is accurate?
Which statement about Brancroft’s Rule is accurate?
What type of surfactants are likely to be classified as 'Tweens'?
What type of surfactants are likely to be classified as 'Tweens'?
What is a noted characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides such as Methylcellulose?
What is a noted characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides such as Methylcellulose?
Which statement regarding the action of hydrophilic colloids at the oil-water interface is correct?
Which statement regarding the action of hydrophilic colloids at the oil-water interface is correct?
What is a typical function of emulsifying agents with an HLB value of 4-6?
What is a typical function of emulsifying agents with an HLB value of 4-6?
What is the main purpose of triturating the mixture until a 'clicking' sound is produced in the first method?
What is the main purpose of triturating the mixture until a 'clicking' sound is produced in the first method?
In the Wet Gum Method, what is the necessary sequence of incorporating ingredients?
In the Wet Gum Method, what is the necessary sequence of incorporating ingredients?
Which method is specifically highlighted as suitable for emulsifying volatile oils?
Which method is specifically highlighted as suitable for emulsifying volatile oils?
What is a crucial factor that affects the droplet size distribution in emulsions?
What is a crucial factor that affects the droplet size distribution in emulsions?
What is the role of mechanical stirrers in the emulsification process?
What is the role of mechanical stirrers in the emulsification process?
Why is it important for the primary emulsion to be creamy white?
Why is it important for the primary emulsion to be creamy white?
What is the final step in the Wet Gum Method after completing the emulsion?
What is the final step in the Wet Gum Method after completing the emulsion?
What is a feature of the agitation method in emulsification?
What is a feature of the agitation method in emulsification?
What is the main role of an emulsifying agent in an emulsion?
What is the main role of an emulsifying agent in an emulsion?
Which of the following correctly identifies the dispersed and continuous phases in an oil in water emulsion?
Which of the following correctly identifies the dispersed and continuous phases in an oil in water emulsion?
What distinguishes a microemulsion from a conventional emulsion?
What distinguishes a microemulsion from a conventional emulsion?
Which type of emulsion contains water as the dispersed phase?
Which type of emulsion contains water as the dispersed phase?
What is the typical size range of globules found in an emulsion?
What is the typical size range of globules found in an emulsion?
In an emulsion, what is the definition of the internal phase?
In an emulsion, what is the definition of the internal phase?
What factor is essential to prevent the coalescence of droplets in an emulsion?
What factor is essential to prevent the coalescence of droplets in an emulsion?
What characterizes a multiple emulsion?
What characterizes a multiple emulsion?
What effect does increased viscosity have on globule mobility in dilute emulsions?
What effect does increased viscosity have on globule mobility in dilute emulsions?
What type of flow is typically observed in concentrated emulsions?
What type of flow is typically observed in concentrated emulsions?
What is a primary advantage of emulsions in drug formulation?
What is a primary advantage of emulsions in drug formulation?
In the context of rheology, what role does interfacial rheology play in emulsions?
In the context of rheology, what role does interfacial rheology play in emulsions?
What is considered the optimal viscosity for stable emulsions?
What is considered the optimal viscosity for stable emulsions?
What type of emulsion is primarily used for sustained drug release in medical applications?
What type of emulsion is primarily used for sustained drug release in medical applications?
In which scenario is a topical concentrated emulsion most appropriately used?
In which scenario is a topical concentrated emulsion most appropriately used?
What is a common use of radio-opaque emulsions in the medical field?
What is a common use of radio-opaque emulsions in the medical field?
What is the main component that stabilizes an emulsion?
What is the main component that stabilizes an emulsion?
Which type of emulsion involves water as the dispersed phase?
Which type of emulsion involves water as the dispersed phase?
What is the typical globule size range found in emulsions?
What is the typical globule size range found in emulsions?
Which component is primarily referred to as the internal phase in an emulsion?
Which component is primarily referred to as the internal phase in an emulsion?
What characterizes a microemulsion compared to a macro emulsion?
What characterizes a microemulsion compared to a macro emulsion?
What is one of the primary functions of an emulsifying agent in emulsions?
What is one of the primary functions of an emulsifying agent in emulsions?
Which type of emulsion may consist of multiple dispersed phases?
Which type of emulsion may consist of multiple dispersed phases?
In the context of emulsions, which of the following statements is true?
In the context of emulsions, which of the following statements is true?
Which emulsifying agent is classified as a cationic agent?
Which emulsifying agent is classified as a cationic agent?
Which property is primarily responsible for the thermodynamic stabilization of an emulsion?
Which property is primarily responsible for the thermodynamic stabilization of an emulsion?
What is the primary role of an emulsifying agent in keeping an emulsion stable?
What is the primary role of an emulsifying agent in keeping an emulsion stable?
Which of the following represents a natural emulsifying agent of plant origin?
Which of the following represents a natural emulsifying agent of plant origin?
What is a commonly applied method to produce emulsions, requiring a specific oil to water to gum ratio?
What is a commonly applied method to produce emulsions, requiring a specific oil to water to gum ratio?
Which type of emulsion best represents a system with globule sizes between 0.25 to 25 µm?
Which type of emulsion best represents a system with globule sizes between 0.25 to 25 µm?
Which statement about emulsifying agents and interfacial tension is true?
Which statement about emulsifying agents and interfacial tension is true?
Which type of emulsifying agent typically serves as a non-ionic stabilizer?
Which type of emulsifying agent typically serves as a non-ionic stabilizer?
What is the primary purpose of adding emulsifying agents to an emulsion?
What is the primary purpose of adding emulsifying agents to an emulsion?
How do ionic surfactants contribute to emulsion stability?
How do ionic surfactants contribute to emulsion stability?
What characteristic of the emulsion is directly influenced by the interfacial tension (γLL)?
What characteristic of the emulsion is directly influenced by the interfacial tension (γLL)?
What is the role of nonionic surfactants with high HLB values in emulsions?
What is the role of nonionic surfactants with high HLB values in emulsions?
Which emulsifying agent is classified as a multimolecular adsorption film and is commonly used in emulsions?
Which emulsifying agent is classified as a multimolecular adsorption film and is commonly used in emulsions?
Which combination of surfactants is generally more effective in stabilizing emulsions?
Which combination of surfactants is generally more effective in stabilizing emulsions?
How do low HLB number emulsifiers primarily behave in emulsions?
How do low HLB number emulsifiers primarily behave in emulsions?
What is the effect of temperature on the stability of an emulsion?
What is the effect of temperature on the stability of an emulsion?
What is the primary advantage of using surfactants with high HLB values in emulsions?
What is the primary advantage of using surfactants with high HLB values in emulsions?
Which property of surfactants primarily influences the type of emulsion they will form?
Which property of surfactants primarily influences the type of emulsion they will form?
Which type of emulsifier is most likely to result in increased viscosity without causing a reduction in interfacial tension?
Which type of emulsifier is most likely to result in increased viscosity without causing a reduction in interfacial tension?
What characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides makes them suitable for use in O/W emulsions?
What characteristic of semi-synthetic polysaccharides makes them suitable for use in O/W emulsions?
In the context of emulsifying agents, why is it preferable to avoid ionic surfactants for internal applications?
In the context of emulsifying agents, why is it preferable to avoid ionic surfactants for internal applications?
What is a significant drawback of using natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents in formulations?
What is a significant drawback of using natural polysaccharides as emulsifying agents in formulations?
Which of the following emulsifying agents is best known for forming a thick film at the oil-water interface?
Which of the following emulsifying agents is best known for forming a thick film at the oil-water interface?
Which surfactants are typically used as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifying agents?
Which surfactants are typically used as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifying agents?
What happens to an emulsion if the dispersed phase exceeds 74 parts of the total volume?
What happens to an emulsion if the dispersed phase exceeds 74 parts of the total volume?
Which characteristic of emulsifying agents is crucial for the formation of stable oil-in-water emulsions?
Which characteristic of emulsifying agents is crucial for the formation of stable oil-in-water emulsions?
What is the role of interfacial tension in emulsion formation?
What is the role of interfacial tension in emulsion formation?
Which of the following substances is identified as a good emulsifying agent by Fischer and Hooker?
Which of the following substances is identified as a good emulsifying agent by Fischer and Hooker?
What defines the rheological properties desired in emulsions?
What defines the rheological properties desired in emulsions?
Which aspect of dispersed phase behavior significantly impacts emulsion stability?
Which aspect of dispersed phase behavior significantly impacts emulsion stability?
What is a characteristic of sodium oleate when dispersed in water?
What is a characteristic of sodium oleate when dispersed in water?
What is the relationship between the dispersed phase concentration and the risk of emulsion instability?
What is the relationship between the dispersed phase concentration and the risk of emulsion instability?
Which theory suggests that oil globules in an emulsion carry a negative charge due to absorption of hydroxyl ions?
Which theory suggests that oil globules in an emulsion carry a negative charge due to absorption of hydroxyl ions?
Which of the following theories of emulsification is specifically concerned with the physical arrangement of spheres in an emulsion?
Which of the following theories of emulsification is specifically concerned with the physical arrangement of spheres in an emulsion?
What role do solid particles play in stabilizing emulsions?
What role do solid particles play in stabilizing emulsions?
Which of the following factors is considered important for the stability of emulsions according to the discussed theories?
Which of the following factors is considered important for the stability of emulsions according to the discussed theories?
Which type of emulsifier is associated with forming a particulate layer around dispersed particles to enhance stability?
Which type of emulsifier is associated with forming a particulate layer around dispersed particles to enhance stability?
What is the implication of having a negative charge in the context of the Electric Double Layer Theory?
What is the implication of having a negative charge in the context of the Electric Double Layer Theory?
How does the Phase Volume Theory describe the arrangement of globules in an emulsion?
How does the Phase Volume Theory describe the arrangement of globules in an emulsion?
What characteristic of solid particulate emulsifiers contributes to their effectiveness at the oil-water interface?
What characteristic of solid particulate emulsifiers contributes to their effectiveness at the oil-water interface?
Flashcards
Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion
Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion
Oil droplets dispersed in water, where water is the continuous phase.
Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion
Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion
Water droplets dispersed in oil, where oil is the continuous phase.
Microemulsion
Microemulsion
Stable emulsion with droplet size (10-200nm), formed by simple mixing of components.
Macroemulsion
Macroemulsion
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Multiple Emulsion
Multiple Emulsion
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O/W/O Emulsion
O/W/O Emulsion
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W/O/W Emulsion
W/O/W Emulsion
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Electric Double Layer
Electric Double Layer
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Interfacial Tension (γLL)
Interfacial Tension (γLL)
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
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Monomolecular Adsorption Film (surfactants)
Monomolecular Adsorption Film (surfactants)
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Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
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HLB Value
HLB Value
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Surfactant Application
Surfactant Application
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Hydrophilic Surfactants
Hydrophilic Surfactants
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Lipophilic Surfactants
Lipophilic Surfactants
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Brancroft's Rule
Brancroft's Rule
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Natural Emulsifying Agents
Natural Emulsifying Agents
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Phase Inversion
Phase Inversion
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Emulsion Type Factors
Emulsion Type Factors
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Disperse Phase Limit
Disperse Phase Limit
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Emulsion Preparation Methods
Emulsion Preparation Methods
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Dry Gum Method
Dry Gum Method
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Energy Input for Emulsion
Energy Input for Emulsion
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Emulsion Evaluation Methods
Emulsion Evaluation Methods
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Emulsion Rheology
Emulsion Rheology
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Dilute Emulsion Flow
Dilute Emulsion Flow
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Concentrated Emulsion Flow
Concentrated Emulsion Flow
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Emulsion Viscosity
Emulsion Viscosity
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Interfacial Rheology
Interfacial Rheology
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Dispersed Phase Viscosity
Dispersed Phase Viscosity
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Droplet Deformability
Droplet Deformability
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Wet Gum Method
Wet Gum Method
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Forbes Bottle Method
Forbes Bottle Method
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Emulsifier Location
Emulsifier Location
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Mechanical Stirrers
Mechanical Stirrers
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Rate of Addition
Rate of Addition
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Energy Input in Emulsification
Energy Input in Emulsification
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Phase Temperature
Phase Temperature
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Emulsion
Emulsion
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Dispersed Phase
Dispersed Phase
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Continuous Phase
Continuous Phase
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Emulsifying Agent
Emulsifying Agent
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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Electric Double Layer
Electric Double Layer
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Interfacial Tension (γLL)
Interfacial Tension (γLL)
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
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Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
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Monomolecular Adsorption Film
Monomolecular Adsorption Film
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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Hydrophilic Surfactants
Hydrophilic Surfactants
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Lipophilic Surfactants
Lipophilic Surfactants
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HLB Value
HLB Value
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Brancroft's Rule
Brancroft's Rule
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Natural Emulsifying Agents
Natural Emulsifying Agents
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HLB Value Application (Surfactants)
HLB Value Application (Surfactants)
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Synthetic Hydrocolloids
Synthetic Hydrocolloids
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Solid Particle Adsorption
Solid Particle Adsorption
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Emulsifier Concentration
Emulsifier Concentration
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Emulsification Theories
Emulsification Theories
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Electric Double Layer Theory
Electric Double Layer Theory
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Phase Volume Theory
Phase Volume Theory
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Solid Particle Properties
Solid Particle Properties
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Emulsion Stability Factors
Emulsion Stability Factors
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Emulsion Rheology
Emulsion Rheology
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Dilute Emulsion
Dilute Emulsion
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Concentrated Emulsion
Concentrated Emulsion
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Interfacial Rheology
Interfacial Rheology
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Dispersed Phase Viscosity
Dispersed Phase Viscosity
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Droplet Deformability
Droplet Deformability
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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Wet Gum Method
Wet Gum Method
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Forbes Bottle Method
Forbes Bottle Method
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Emulsifier Location
Emulsifier Location
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Rate of Addition (Emulsions)
Rate of Addition (Emulsions)
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Energy Input (Emulsions)
Energy Input (Emulsions)
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Phase Temperature (Emulsions)
Phase Temperature (Emulsions)
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Mechanical Stirrers (Emulsions)
Mechanical Stirrers (Emulsions)
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Emulsion
Emulsion
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Dispersed Phase
Dispersed Phase
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Continuous Phase
Continuous Phase
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Emulsifying Agent
Emulsifying Agent
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Interfacial Tension
Interfacial Tension
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Electric Double Layer
Electric Double Layer
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Emulsion
Emulsion
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Emulsifying Agent
Emulsifying Agent
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Interfacial Tension (γLL)
Interfacial Tension (γLL)
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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Interfacial Tension
Interfacial Tension
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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Coalescence
Coalescence
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Surfactant
Surfactant
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HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance)
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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Monomolecular Adsorption Film
Monomolecular Adsorption Film
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
Synthetic Emulsifiers (types)
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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HLB value
HLB value
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Hydrophilic Surfactants
Hydrophilic Surfactants
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Lipophilic Surfactants
Lipophilic Surfactants
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HLB value
HLB value
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O/W Emulsion
O/W Emulsion
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W/O Emulsion
W/O Emulsion
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Brancroft's Rule
Brancroft's Rule
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Natural Emulsifying Agents
Natural Emulsifying Agents
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Synthetic Hydrocolloids
Synthetic Hydrocolloids
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Solid Particle Adsorption
Solid Particle Adsorption
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Emulsifier Concentration
Emulsifier Concentration
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Emulsification Theories
Emulsification Theories
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Electric Double Layer Theory
Electric Double Layer Theory
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Phase Volume Theory
Phase Volume Theory
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Solid Particle Properties
Solid Particle Properties
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Emulsion Stability Factors
Emulsion Stability Factors
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Disperse Phase Limit
Disperse Phase Limit
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Hydration Theory
Hydration Theory
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Interfacial Tension
Interfacial Tension
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Emulsion Reversal
Emulsion Reversal
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Emulsifying Agent
Emulsifying Agent
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Oriented Wedge Theory
Oriented Wedge Theory
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Rheological Properties of Emulsions
Rheological Properties of Emulsions
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Emulsion Stability
Emulsion Stability
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Study Notes
Emulsions
- Emulsions are two-phase liquid preparations.
- One liquid is dispersed as minute globules into the other.
- The liquid converted to globules is the dispersed phase.
- The liquid that disperses the globules is the continuous phase.
Types of Emulsions
- Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion: Oil is dispersed in water
- Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion: Water is dispersed in oil
- Multiple emulsions (O/W/O or W/O/W): Contain more than two phases.
- Microemulsions: Very small droplets
- Macroemulsions: Larger droplets
Emulsifying Agents
- Stabilize emulsions.
- Reduce interfacial tension between phases.
- Form a film at the interface
- Natural: Acacia, egg yolk, gelatin
- Synthetic: Spans, Tweens, some alcohols, finely divided solids
- Surfactants are important emulsifying agents
Mechanism of Emulsion Formation
- Emulsifying agents prevent coalescence (merging) of droplets.
- They form a film around the globules, increasing stability.
- Monomolecular adsorption film (surfactants)
- Multimolecular adsorption film (colloids)
- Solid particle adsorption
Mechanism of Action of Emulsifying Agents
- Thermodynamic stabilization: Reducing interfacial tension
- Mechanical barrier to coalescence: Forming a film
- Electrical barrier: Creating an electric double layer
- This process prevents the droplets from merging into a larger mass, which makes the dispersion stable.
Stability of Emulsions
- Stable emulsions maintain dispersed droplets
- Instability leads to: Flocculation, creaming, phase inversion or coalescence
- Factors affecting stability:
- Droplet size (smaller is better)
- Viscosity of the continuous phase (higher is better)
- Emulsifying agent type and concentration
- Storage temperature.
Methods of Emulsion Evaluation
- Size frequency analysis (microscopic observation)
- Velocity of creaming (proportional to droplet diameter)
- Globule size analysis (Coulter-counting, ultracentrifugal)
- Turbidimetric analysis
Manufacture of Emulsions
- Extemporaneous (small scale): Dry gum, wet gum, and Forbes bottle methods
- Commercial (large scale): Mixing tanks, colloid mills, homogenizers.
- Energy is needed (trituration, homogenization, agitation, and heat)
Rheological Properties of Emulsions
- Flow characteristics play a crucial role.
- Flow through needles, spreadability and removal from containers affect.
- Viscosity is important, with concentrated emulsions exhibiting non-Newtonian behavior.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Emulsions
- Masking unpleasant tastes
- Improving bioavailability
- Sustained release formulations
- Topical applications
- Nutritional supplements
- Diagnostic aids
- Manufacturing, stability and testing.
Emulsion Types Tests
- Dilution Test
- Conductivity Test
- Dye-Solubility Test
- Refractive Index & Filter Paper Test
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of emulsions, including their types, such as oil-in-water and water-in-oil, as well as the roles of emulsifying agents in stabilizing these mixtures. Explore the mechanisms that prevent coalescence and enhance stability through various emulsifying agents. Test your knowledge on the intricate details of this essential topic in chemistry.
