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Questions and Answers
The mixture provides the proper hydrophilic-lipophilic ______.
The mixture provides the proper hydrophilic-lipophilic ______.
nature
Tragacanth or agar are frequently combined with ______ to thicken the external phase of an o/w emulsion.
Tragacanth or agar are frequently combined with ______ to thicken the external phase of an o/w emulsion.
acacia
The continental method is also referred to as the ______ method.
The continental method is also referred to as the ______ method.
4:2:1
The two main steps in the preparation of emulsion include the preparation of primary emulsion and ______ of other substances.
The two main steps in the preparation of emulsion include the preparation of primary emulsion and ______ of other substances.
Methods of preparation of emulsion include dry gum method, wet gum method, and the ______ method.
Methods of preparation of emulsion include dry gum method, wet gum method, and the ______ method.
Emulsions are biphasic heterogeneous systems consisting of two immiscible phases, one of which is the dispersed phase or the ______.
Emulsions are biphasic heterogeneous systems consisting of two immiscible phases, one of which is the dispersed phase or the ______.
The ______ phase is the external or continuous phase in an emulsion.
The ______ phase is the external or continuous phase in an emulsion.
Emulsions for internal use can be administered orally or by ___ injection.
Emulsions for internal use can be administered orally or by ___ injection.
The incorporation of a third substance, known as the ______, is essential for the stabilization of an emulsion.
The incorporation of a third substance, known as the ______, is essential for the stabilization of an emulsion.
In an oil in water (O/W) emulsion, oil is dispersed as globules in the ______.
In an oil in water (O/W) emulsion, oil is dispersed as globules in the ______.
The ideal emulsifying agent must not interfere with the stability or efficacy of the therapeutic ___.
The ideal emulsifying agent must not interfere with the stability or efficacy of the therapeutic ___.
Water in oil (W/O) emulsions have the internal phase composed of water droplets and the external phase is ______.
Water in oil (W/O) emulsions have the internal phase composed of water droplets and the external phase is ______.
Carbohydrate materials such as acacia and pectin generally produce ___ emulsions.
Carbohydrate materials such as acacia and pectin generally produce ___ emulsions.
High molecular weight alcohols are primarily used as thickening agents and stabilizers for ___ emulsions used externally.
High molecular weight alcohols are primarily used as thickening agents and stabilizers for ___ emulsions used externally.
One advantage of emulsification is that it allows the pharmacist to prepare relatively stable and homogeneous mixtures of two immiscible ______.
One advantage of emulsification is that it allows the pharmacist to prepare relatively stable and homogeneous mixtures of two immiscible ______.
The taste of oils can be ______ through the emulsification process.
The taste of oils can be ______ through the emulsification process.
Wetting agents can be anionic, cationic or ___ surfactants.
Wetting agents can be anionic, cationic or ___ surfactants.
Semisolid emulsions can be either O/W (vanishing creams) or ______ (cold creams).
Semisolid emulsions can be either O/W (vanishing creams) or ______ (cold creams).
Finely divided solids such as colloidal clays can form either o/w or ___ emulsions.
Finely divided solids such as colloidal clays can form either o/w or ___ emulsions.
Gelatin and egg yolk are examples of protein substances that produce ___ emulsions.
Gelatin and egg yolk are examples of protein substances that produce ___ emulsions.
Mixed emulsifying agents can provide a more ___ emulsion than using any single agent alone.
Mixed emulsifying agents can provide a more ___ emulsion than using any single agent alone.
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Study Notes
Emulsions
- A biphasic heterogeneous system consisting of two immiscible liquids: the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.
- The dispersed phase is the internal phase (finely subdivided droplets) and the dispersion medium is the external phase (continuous phase)
- Stabilized by emulsifying agents, which reduce interfacial tension, prevent coalescence, and maintain the integrity of droplets.
Types of Emulsion
- Oil-in-Water (O/W): Oil droplets dispersed in water (the continuous phase).
- Water-in-Oil (W/O): Water droplets dispersed in oil (the continuous phase).
Purposes of Emulsions & Emulsification
- Homogeneous mixtures of immiscible liquids.
- Improved taste masking by isolating the unpleasant phase.
- Faster absorption compared to solid dosage forms.
- Oral O/W emulsions: used to cover the taste of oils and improve their absorption.
- Semisolid emulsions: O/W (vanishing creams) or W/O (cold creams)
- Improved digestibility and absorption: by reducing the size of oil globules.
Ideal characteristics of Emulsifying Agents
- Compatibility: with other ingredients, stable, and doesn't interfere with efficacy.
- Non-toxic: with respect to intended use and dosage.
- Little odor, taste, or color.
- Emulsifying and stabilizing ability.
Types of Emulsifying Agents
- Carbohydrate materials: Acacia, tragacanth, agar, pectin (form hydrophilic colloids, usually produce O/W emulsions).
- Protein substances: Gelatin, egg yolk (produce O/W emulsions).
- High molecular weight alcohols: Stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate (thickening agents for O/W emulsions, used externally).
- Wetting agents: Anionic, cationic, or non-ionic surfactants (effective over different pH ranges).
- Finely divided solids: Bentonite, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide (can form O/W or W/O emulsions depending on mixing order).
Mixed Emulsifying Agents
- More efficient than single agents in providing a stable emulsion.
- Contribute to: proper hydrophilic-lipophilic nature, stable interfacial film, desired consistency.
Methods of Emulsion Preparation
- Dry gum method: Oil mixed with emulsifier (usually acacia) before adding water.
- Wet gum method: Emulsifier mixed with water before adding oil.
- Bottle method: Small-scale emulsification by shaking in a bottle.
- In Situ soap method: Emulsifier is formed during the emulsification process.
Methods of Emulsification
- Continental (Dry Gum) Method: Oil mixed with gum then added slowly to water (4:2:1 ratio).
- English (Wet Gum) Method: Gum dissolved in water before adding oil.
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